December is a month rich in celebration, marking the end of the year and the beginning of a new cycle. It is also a month known for its array of beautiful birthstones, each with its own unique charm, history, and symbolism. Unlike other months that typically have one or two birthstones, December is exceptional in that it is associated with five distinct gemstones: turquoise, zircon (particularly blue zircon), tanzanite, topaz (especially blue topaz), and lapis lazuli. These stones have captivated people for centuries with their vibrant colors, mystical properties, and cultural significance.
This article delves into the fascinating world of December’s birthstones, exploring their geological origins, gemological properties, historical uses, and the symbolic meanings they carry. Whether you're a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the stones that represent those born in the final month of the year, this guide will provide a comprehensive overview of these captivating gems.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with the months of the year is an ancient one, with roots in biblical and early cultural practices. The earliest known references to birthstones come from the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Old Testament, which listed twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these ancient stones were adapted and reinterpreted, eventually forming the basis of the modern birthstone lists.
December’s birthstones have a particularly interesting historical trajectory. According to the earliest records, ruby was the designated gemstone for December. However, as birthstone traditions evolved, the December birthstone list underwent significant changes. The first known modern reference to December’s birthstone was in 1870, when turquoise was officially recognized. By 1912, lapis lazuli was added as an alternative, and in 1952, zircon joined the list. The most recent addition came in 2002, when tanzanite was officially recognized as a December birthstone. This evolution reflects the changing tastes and values of the jewelry industry, as well as the discovery of new gemstones.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December allows for a broader range of colors, meanings, and price points, making it easier for individuals to find a stone that resonates with them. Turquoise, for example, has long been associated with protection and good fortune, while zircon is prized for its brilliance and color range. Tanzanite, a relatively modern discovery, is valued for its unique blue to violet hues and its rarity.
Geological Formation and Sources of December Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones has a distinct geological origin and is found in specific locations around the world.
1. Zircon (Blue Zircon)
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some specimens dating back over four billion years. It forms in igneous rocks and is often found in sedimentary deposits. The blue color of zircon is achieved through heat treatment, which enhances its natural color. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, giving it a brilliant fire that is similar to diamond. It is found in countries such as Australia, Brazil, and Cambodia.
2. Topaz (Blue Topaz)
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in a variety of colors, but blue topaz is the most popular and well-known variant. Natural blue topaz is rare, and the blue color is usually achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. Topaz is found in igneous rocks and is often associated with volcanic activity. Major sources include Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States.
3. Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery, first found in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is prized for its intense blue to violet color. Tanzanite’s unique color is due to trace elements such as vanadium and is enhanced through heat treatment. Its rarity and beauty have made it a highly sought-after gemstone.
4. Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with inclusions of other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. It is known for its deep blue color, often with golden flecks of pyrite. Lapis lazuli has been mined for thousands of years and is most commonly found in Afghanistan, although it is also found in Egypt, Chile, and Russia. It has been used in art and jewelry for centuries, particularly in ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian cultures.
5. Turquoise
Turquoise is an aluminum phosphate mineral that forms in arid regions through the weathering of copper-bearing rocks. It is typically found in desert environments and is known for its blue-green color, which can vary depending on the presence of different minerals. Major sources include the United States (especially the Southwest), China, and Iran. Turquoise has been used in jewelry and ceremonial objects for millennia, with a particularly strong tradition in Native American and Central Asian cultures.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones has distinct physical and optical properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Composition | Refractive Index (RI) | Specific Gravity | Cleavage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zircon (Blue) | Blue, green, yellow, red, brown | 6.5–7.5 | ZrSiO₄ | 1.92–2.01 | 4.5–4.8 | None |
Topaz (Blue) | Blue | 8 | Al₂SiO₆ | 1.61–1.63 | 3.5–3.6 | None |
Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Ca₂Al₃(AlSiO₄₃)(OH)₃ | 1.69–1.70 | 3.1–3.4 | Perfect |
Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with golden flecks | 5–6 | Lazurite, with calcite and pyrite | 1.50–1.70 | 2.4–2.9 | None |
Turquoise | Blue-green | 5–6 | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 1.61–1.65 | 2.6–2.8 | None |
These properties influence the gemstones' durability, cutting methods, and suitability for different types of jewelry. For example, tanzanite and lapis lazuli are softer than zircon and topaz, so they require more careful handling and are best suited for pieces that are not worn daily. Turquoise, while not the hardest gemstone, is highly valued for its beauty and cultural significance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December’s birthstones are not only prized for their beauty but also for the meanings and metaphysical properties attributed to them.
1. Zircon
Zircon is believed to enhance wisdom, clarity, and spiritual growth. It is also associated with prosperity and good fortune. In ancient times, zircon was thought to have protective qualities, and it was often used in amulets and talismans.
2. Topaz
Blue topaz is often associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional balance. It is also believed to promote love and affection. In some cultures, topaz is seen as a symbol of strength and courage.
3. Tanzanite
Tanzanite is linked to intuition, spiritual awakening, and emotional healing. It is thought to activate the throat, third-eye, and crown chakras, enhancing communication and psychic abilities. Some believe that tanzanite can help individuals connect with higher dimensions and access deeper states of consciousness.
4. Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is considered a stone of royalty and was used in the adornments of ancient Egyptian pharaohs. Lapis lazuli is also believed to promote inner peace, balance, and spiritual awareness.
5. Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the most well-known birthstones for December and is deeply rooted in cultural and spiritual traditions. It is believed to offer protection, good luck, and healing. In Native American cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone and is used in ceremonies and rituals. It is also thought to enhance communication and promote harmony in relationships.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, durability, and sensitivity to heat and chemicals.
1. Zircon
Zircon is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is not sensitive to heat or chemicals, making it suitable for steam cleaning. However, due to its high refractive index, zircon should be handled carefully to avoid scratches.
2. Topaz
Topaz is a hard gemstone that can be cleaned with mild soap and water or an ultrasonic cleaner. It is not sensitive to heat, making it suitable for steam cleaning. However, it should be kept away from strong chemicals such as chlorine and ammonia.
3. Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone and can be easily damaged by harsh chemicals or abrasives. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Steam cleaning is not recommended, as it can cause the stone to become discolored or damaged.
4. Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft gemstone and should be handled with care. It can be cleaned with mild soap and water, but it should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or abrasives. Lapis lazuli should also be kept away from heat, as it can cause the stone to become brittle or discolored.
5. Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone and should be cleaned with mild soap and water. It is not recommended to use harsh chemicals or steam cleaning, as this can damage the stone. Turquoise should also be kept away from direct sunlight and heat, as this can cause the color to fade.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique beauty, history, and symbolism. From the brilliant fire of zircon to the velvety blue of tanzanite, these stones reflect the complexity and richness of the final month of the year. Whether you choose turquoise for its protective qualities, blue topaz for its calming effect, or lapis lazuli for its spiritual significance, each December birthstone carries a special meaning that connects the wearer to history, culture, and personal identity.
As the jewelry industry continues to evolve, so too does the appreciation for these remarkable gemstones. Understanding their properties, history, and care requirements allows collectors and enthusiasts to make informed choices and preserve the beauty of these stones for generations to come. Whether worn as a personal adornment or as a meaningful gift, December’s birthstones are a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their ability to connect us to the past, present, and future.