August is a month that welcomes a rich and varied selection of birthstones, each with its own distinct allure and significance. The traditional and modern August birthstones include peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. These gemstones have long been cherished for their beauty, rarity, and the symbolic meanings they carry. From their ancient roots to their contemporary roles in jewelry and personal adornment, these stones reflect the complex interplay of nature, culture, and human history.
This article explores the geological and gemological properties of each August birthstone, their historical and cultural significance, and the metaphysical beliefs associated with them. We also consider how these stones are used in modern jewelry and how to care for them. Whether you're an August-born individual, a gemstone enthusiast, or simply curious about the world of birthstones, this guide offers a comprehensive look at the stones that represent the eighth month of the year.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones is deeply rooted in ancient history, with some sources tracing the practice back to the biblical High Priest’s Breastplate, which featured twelve stones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these associations evolved, and by the early 20th century, organizations such as the American National Association of Jewelers (now known as the * Jewelers of America) standardized the list of birthstones* in 1912. Since then, updates have been made to reflect the changing availability and popularity of certain gemstones.
For August, the traditional and modern birthstones include peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. However, historical records show that the selection of August’s gemstones has not always been consistent. For example, alexandrite, ruby, sapphire, diamond, and topaz have all been associated with August in different cultural and historical contexts. The most recent addition to the August birthstone roster is spinel, which was officially recognized in 2016 by the American National Association of Jewelers and the Gemological Institute of America (GIA).
Peridot: The “Evening Emerald”
Peridot has a long and storied history, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt, where it was known as the "gem of the Sun". The ancient Egyptians believed that peridot formed in the fire of the sun and that it was brought to Earth by the volcano goddess Pele. In fact, peridot is sometimes referred to as “Pele’s Tears,” a name derived from the glass-like droplets of molten lava that form around volcanic eruptions in Hawaii, where peridot is also found.
Peridot was also highly valued in medieval Europe, where it was believed to have protective and healing properties. It was commonly used in amulets and talismans, and its golden-green hue made it a popular substitute for emeralds in royal jewelry collections.
Spinel: The Misunderstood Gem
Spinel is a relatively new addition to the list of August birthstones, but it has a rich and often misunderstood history. Many spinel gems have been misidentified as rubies, particularly in royal and imperial collections. One of the most famous examples is the "Black Prince’s Ruby," a red spinel that has been part of the British Crown Jewels for centuries.
Spinel has been found in various regions around the world, including Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar, and it was highly prized in Persia during the 16th and 17th centuries. The gem’s vibrant colors and brilliance have made it a popular choice for both antique and modern jewelry.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Strength and Protection
Sardonyx, a type of onyx with distinctive red and white banding, has been used in jewelry and amulets for thousands of years. In ancient Rome, sardonyx was considered a protective stone, and it was often carved into intaglios and cameos. The stone was also associated with strength, courage, and clear communication, making it a popular choice for warriors and leaders.
In medieval Europe, sardonyx was used in ring seals and signet rings, often inscribed with symbols or initials. The stone’s banding was seen as a symbol of stability and balance, and it was believed to bring good fortune and protection to its wearer.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological formation and source locations of a gemstone provides insight into its rarity, availability, and characteristics. Peridot, spinel, and sardonyx each have unique origins and geological profiles.
Peridot
Peridot is the rare gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, which forms deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, making it one of the few gemstones that originate from deep within the Earth. Peridot can also be found in meteorites, where it forms under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions in space.
The most significant sources of high-quality peridot include:
- Zabargad Island (St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea, which was the primary source of ancient Egyptian peridot.
- Hawaii, where peridot is found in volcanic rocks and is sometimes referred to as “Pele’s Tears.”
- Nigeria, which produces a significant portion of the world’s peridot.
- Brazil, particularly in the Bahia and Minas Gerais regions.
- Australia and China also produce smaller quantities of peridot.
Spinel
Spinel is a silicate mineral that forms in mafic igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. It is found in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, violet, and black, due to the presence of different trace elements. The most valuable spinel is red and pink, which are highly sought after for their brilliance and rarity.
Notable spinel sources include:
- Afghanistan, which is known for producing fine red and pink spinel.
- Sri Lanka, where spinel is found in gem gravels and is often associated with corundum (ruby and sapphire) deposits.
- Myanmar, particularly in the Mogok region, which has produced some of the most famous spinel specimens.
- Madagascar, where blue and violet spinel is found.
- Vietnam, which has recently become an important source of violet spinel.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded variety of onyx, which is a microcrystalline quartz. It forms in sedimentary rocks, particularly in chert and flint, where alternating layers of red-brown and white silica create the distinctive banding. The red coloration is due to the presence of iron oxides, while the white layers are composed of pure silica.
Sardonyx is found in several regions around the world, including:
- India, particularly in the Deccan Traps, which are rich in volcanic rock and chert.
- Brazil, where large deposits of sardonyx are mined.
- Uruguay, known for producing high-quality banded agate and onyx.
- Ethiopia, where sardonyx and other banded stones are increasingly being mined.
- Mexico, where sardonyx is used in traditional jewelry and carvings.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of a stone—such as hardness, refractive index, and color—determine its durability, brilliance, and suitability for various types of jewelry. The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of the three August birthstones:
| Gemstone | Color Range | Chemical Formula | Refractive Index (RI) | Birefringence | Specific Gravity | Mohs Hardness | Common Uses in Jewelry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellow-green to olive-green | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | 1.65–1.69 | 0.035–0.038 | 3.34 | 6.5–7 | Rings, earrings, pendants |
| Spinel | Red, pink, blue, violet, black | MgAl₂O₄ | 1.718 (approx.) | 0.005 | 3.99–4.10 | 8 | Rings, pendants, earrings |
| Sardonyx | Red-brown and white banded | SiO₂ (quartz) | 1.49–1.55 | 0.000 | 2.60–2.64 | 6.5–7 | Rings, bracelets, cameos |
Peridot
Peridot has a hexagonal crystal structure and is known for its bright green color, which is caused by the presence of iron. It has a refractive index of 1.65–1.69, with a birefringence of 0.035–0.038, which can cause double refraction in some pieces. This means that peridot can sometimes appear slightly hazy or show a doubling of facet edges under magnification.
Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, which makes it relatively durable, but it is still softer than many other gemstones. As a result, it is best suited for earrings and pendants, where it is less likely to be scratched or chipped. However, with proper care, peridot can also be used in rings, particularly in settings that provide adequate protection.
Spinel
Spinel is a garnet-like mineral with a cubic crystal structure. It is known for its brilliant luster and high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling appearance. Spinel has a refractive index of approximately 1.718, with a very low birefringence of 0.005, which means it has a single refractive index and does not show double refraction.
Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, making it quite durable and suitable for daily wear jewelry, including rings, pendants, and earrings. Its brilliance and fire make it a popular alternative to ruby and sapphire, especially in antique and vintage jewelry.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded onyx, which is a microcrystalline form of quartz. It has a refractive index of 1.49–1.55 and a very low birefringence, meaning it does not show double refraction. Sardonyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, making it durable enough for most types of jewelry, but it is more susceptible to scratching than harder gemstones like diamond or sapphire.
Due to its banding and durability, sardonyx is often used in cameos, intaglios, and carved pendants. It is also popular in beaded bracelets and signet rings, where its distinctive red and white bands can be showcased.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Gemstones have long been associated with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, and the August birthstones are no exception. While these beliefs vary across cultures and time periods, they often reflect common themes such as protection, healing, and personal power.
Peridot: The Stone of Abundance and Renewal
Peridot is often associated with positive energy, abundance, and emotional healing. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to bring good fortune and protection to its wearer. In medieval Europe, peridot was used in amulets and talismans to ward off illness and negative influences.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that peridot promotes clarity of thought, emotional balance, and spiritual growth. It is also considered a stone of prosperity, helping to attract financial stability and success. Peridot is believed to be particularly beneficial for people with heart-related issues, as it is associated with the heart chakra and is said to promote emotional healing and compassion.
Spinel: The Stone of Passion and Vitality
Spinel is a stone of passion, vitality, and emotional balance. Its brilliant red and pink colors are often associated with love, courage, and energy. In ancient Persia, spinel was believed to bring good fortune and protection, and it was often used in royal jewelry and ceremonial objects.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that spinel helps to stimulate creativity, enhance self-confidence, and promote emotional stability. It is also considered a stone of vitality, helping to boost energy levels and improve overall well-being. Spinel is believed to be particularly beneficial for people who struggle with self-doubt or emotional blockages, as it helps to release negative emotions and promote a sense of inner strength.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Strength and Protection
Sardonyx is a stone of strength, protection, and clear communication. In ancient Rome, it was used in signet rings and amulets to protect warriors and leaders. It was also believed to help clarify thoughts and improve communication, making it a popular choice for orators and politicians.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that sardonyx helps to promote courage, resilience, and emotional stability. It is also believed to help protect against negative influences and promote a sense of inner strength and confidence. Sardonyx is often used in meditation and energy work to help ground and stabilize the mind and body.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. The following guidelines provide specific care instructions for peridot, spinel, and sardonyx, based on their physical properties and sensitivity to heat, light, and chemicals.
Peridot
Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, which makes it relatively durable, but it is still softer than many other gemstones. It is also sensitive to heat and chemicals, so it should be handled with care.
Cleaning: Peridot can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone or loosen its setting.
Storage: Store peridot separately from harder gemstones, as it can be scratched by stones like diamonds or rubies. Use a soft cloth or padded jewelry box to protect it from scratches and abrasions.
Exposure: Avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight or heat, as this can cause fading or discoloration over time.
Spinel
Spinel is a very durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it suitable for daily wear. It is also resistant to heat and chemicals, which makes it easier to clean and maintain.
Cleaning: Spinel can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It can also be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these will not damage the stone or its setting.
Storage: Spinel can be stored with other gemstones, as it is hard enough to resist scratches. Use a soft cloth or padded jewelry box to prevent any accidental damage.
Exposure: Spinel is relatively resistant to fading, but it is best to avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight or heat, as this can potentially affect its color over time.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, making it suitable for most types of jewelry. However, it is more susceptible to scratching than harder gemstones like diamond or sapphire.
Cleaning: Sardonyx can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone or loosen its setting, especially in beaded or carved pieces.
Storage: Store sardonyx separately from harder gemstones, as it can be scratched by stones like diamonds or rubies. Use a soft cloth or padded jewelry box to protect it from scratches and abrasions.
Exposure: Sardonyx is relatively stable in terms of color, but it should still be protected from prolonged exposure to direct sunlight or heat, as this can potentially affect its appearance over time.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each have a rich history, unique gemological properties, and powerful symbolic meanings. From their ancient origins and cultural significance to their modern uses in jewelry and personal adornment, these gemstones continue to capture the imagination and admiration of gemstone lovers around the world.
Peridot, with its sparkling green color and association with prosperity and renewal, has long been a favorite among jewelers and collectors. Spinel, with its brilliant colors and unexpected history, has gained new recognition as a modern birthstone. Sardonyx, with its distinctive banding and protective properties, continues to be cherished for its beauty and symbolism.
Whether you are an August-born individual, a gemstone enthusiast, or someone who simply appreciates the beauty of nature, the August birthstones offer a fascinating glimpse into the world of gemology, history, and culture. By understanding their properties, meanings, and care requirements, you can fully appreciate the value and significance of these remarkable gemstones.