The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months of the year has deep historical roots, blending science, symbolism, and cultural significance. August and September, months rich in myth and meaning, are represented by three distinct yet equally captivating birthstones. These gemstones—sapphire, peridot, and sardonyx—each carry their own geological, historical, and cultural narratives. Their use in rings, particularly as birthstone rings, makes them not only meaningful personal accessories but also treasured heirlooms passed down through generations.
This article explores the unique characteristics, historical significance, and gemological properties of the August and September birthstones, as well as their roles in modern jewelry. By examining the scientific and symbolic attributes of these gems, we uncover why they remain popular choices for rings and what makes them suitable for everyday wear and special occasions alike.
Introduction
The practice of associating gemstones with birth months is believed to date back to ancient times, with early references found in biblical texts and classical writings. Over time, these associations evolved, and today, birthstones are widely recognized in jewelry design, fashion, and even metaphysical practices. The months of August and September are particularly notable for their selection of gemstones, which reflect a blend of natural beauty, historical reverence, and modern appeal.
In August, three gemstones are recognized: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. These stones are linked to themes of vitality, protection, and communication. September, on the other hand, is most famously associated with sapphire, a gemstone of regal elegance and deep symbolic meaning. While sapphire is the dominant September birthstone, it is also part of a broader family of corundum minerals, including ruby and other "fancy sapphires."
This article will delve into the history, geological properties, and cultural symbolism of the August and September birthstones, with a particular focus on sapphire and peridot—two of the most prominent and widely recognized gemstones in this period.
History and Lore
The August Birthstones: A Triad of Meaning
August is represented by three gemstones: sardonyx, peridot, and spinel. Each of these stones has a unique historical lineage and symbolic significance.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Ancient Power
Sardonyx is the oldest of August’s birthstones and has a long-standing association with ancient civilizations. Composed of two types of chalcedony—sard (a reddish-brown variety of quartz) and onyx (a banded form of quartz)—this gemstone was highly valued by the Romans for its durability and aesthetic appeal. Roman soldiers used sardonyx as seals and for engraving, believing it offered protection and good fortune in battle. In the Old Testament, sardonyx is referenced as one of the stones on the High Priest’s breastplate, symbolizing divine authority and spiritual connection.
Ancient Egyptians and Greeks also revered sardonyx, incorporating it into rings, bracelets, and lockets. Today, sardonyx is believed to promote spiritual communication, courage, and harmonious relationships, making it a meaningful choice for those born in August.
Peridot: The Gem of Light and Joy
Peridot, the second of August’s birthstones, is known for its vibrant green hue and is formed from olivine, a mineral found in volcanic rocks. The name “peridot” is derived from the Arabic word fara'id, meaning gem, and it has Greek origins, where it means “to give plenty.” Peridot was historically used in early Christianity to symbolize the light of Christ, and it was also believed to ward off nightmares and negative energy.
Peridot was especially popular during the Victorian era and is often associated with joy, renewal, and emotional healing. It is also linked to the 16th wedding anniversary and is considered a stone of abundance and good luck.
Spinels: A Modern Addition
Spinel is the newest of August’s birthstones and was once mistaken for ruby due to its similar appearance. Only in the 20th century did gemologists correctly identify spinel as a distinct mineral. Known for its vivid colors—ranging from red to pink and even black—spinel symbolizes passion, vitality, and emotional balance. Though it is a modern addition, it has quickly gained popularity among gemstone enthusiasts.
The September Birthstone: Sapphire, the Gem of Royalty
Sapphire is the birthstone for September and is one of the most iconic gemstones in the world. The term “sapphire” is derived from the Greek word sappheiros, which may have originally referred to lapis lazuli. However, modern gemology defines sapphire as any corundum (aluminum oxide) that is not red. The red variety is classified as ruby, while sapphires can be found in a wide array of colors, including blue, pink, green, yellow, and even colorless.
The deep blue sapphires are the most well-known and have long been associated with royalty, wisdom, and spiritual insight. One of the most famous sapphire rings is the engagement ring given by Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer in 1981, which was later worn by Kate Middleton. This ring, featuring an 18-carat oval blue sapphire surrounded by diamonds, symbolizes love, loyalty, and enduring beauty.
Sapphires have also been used in various cultures as talismans of protection and divination. In medieval Europe, they were believed to help with foresight and clarity of thought. Today, sapphires continue to be a popular choice for engagement rings, anniversary gifts, and personal adornment, reflecting their timeless allure and symbolic richness.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of a gemstone helps to appreciate its rarity and beauty. The August and September birthstones are all formed under unique geological conditions and are found in specific locations around the world.
Sapphires: From the Earth's Crust to the Crown
Sapphires are formed from aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), which crystallizes in the corundum family. The blue color in sapphires is primarily due to trace amounts of titanium and iron. The more titanium present, the deeper the blue color. Sapphires can also appear in other colors, depending on the trace elements involved—such as pink (chromium), yellow (iron), and green (iron and titanium).
Sapphires are typically found in metamorphic and igneous rock formations, particularly in areas with high heat and pressure. Major sources of sapphires include:
- Sri Lanka: Known for producing some of the finest blue sapphires in the world.
- Myanmar (Burma): Famous for its richly colored “pigeon’s blood” sapphires.
- Madagascar: A significant modern source for sapphires in various colors.
- Australia: Produces a wide range of sapphires, including the rare “padparadscha” (a pink-orange hue).
- India and Thailand: Traditional centers for sapphire cutting and trade.
Sapphires are extremely hard, with a Mohs hardness of 9, making them ideal for everyday wear in rings and other jewelry.
Peridot: A Gem from Volcanic Depths
Peridot is composed of olivine, a mineral that forms in magma chambers deep within the Earth's mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity or via meteorite impacts. Peridot is one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites, making it a unique and extraterrestrial gem.
The most valuable peridots are those with a rich green to yellow-green color, caused by the presence of iron. Peridot is relatively abundant compared to other gemstones, which keeps its price point lower and makes it accessible for jewelry.
Major sources of peridot include:
- Zambia: Produces some of the finest green peridots in the world.
- Australia: Known for its golden peridots.
- Nevada, USA: The state’s peridot deposits are among the largest in the world.
- Madagascar and Brazil: Additional sources of peridot, often in vibrant hues.
Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, which makes it suitable for rings, though it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips.
Sardonyx: A Banded Stone with Ancient Roots
Sardonyx is a chalcedony, a form of microcrystalline quartz, and is composed of alternating bands of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (white or black). This banded appearance is what gives sardonyx its distinct look and has made it a favorite for engraving and seal stones.
Sardonyx is typically found in volcanic rock deposits, particularly in areas where quartz has been altered by heat and pressure. Key sources of sardonyx include:
- India: A major historical and modern source of sardonyx.
- Brazil and Mexico: Known for producing high-quality sardonyx with strong contrast between bands.
- Germany and the United States: Smaller but notable sources of sardonyx.
Sardonyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, making it durable enough for rings and other jewelry, though it is not as hard as sapphire or peridot.
Gemological Properties
To fully appreciate the August and September birthstones, it is important to understand their gemological properties, including color, clarity, cut, and hardness.
| Gemstone | Color | Clarity | Cut | Hardness (Mohs) | Composition | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sapphire | Blue, pink, green, yellow, orange, purple | Typically eye-clean to slightly included | Oval, round, cushion, emerald | 9 | Al₂O₃ (corundum) | Transparent to translucent |
| Peridot | Green (olivine) | Usually included with visible inclusions | Round, oval, cushion | 6.5–7 | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | Transparent |
| Sardonyx | Reddish-brown and white/black bands | Typically opaque with visible bands | Cabochon, oval, rectangular | 6.5–7 | Chalcedony (silica) | Opaque |
Sapphires: The King of Gemstones
Sapphires are among the hardest natural gemstones, second only to diamonds. Their blue color is the most popular, but sapphires can appear in a wide range of colors, depending on the trace elements present. The most valuable sapphires are those with rich color, clarity, and a clean cut. Sapphires are often heat-treated to enhance their color and clarity, though untreated sapphires are rare and highly valued.
Sapphires are not typically faceted in the same way as diamonds, but they can be cut into round, oval, cushion, or emerald shapes. The most famous sapphire cut is the oval, which enhances the gemstone's brilliance and color.
Peridot: A Vibrant and Accessible Gem
Peridot is known for its bright green color, which is caused by the presence of iron. The most desirable peridots have a deep green to yellow-green hue. Peridot is often cut into round or oval shapes to showcase its color and clarity. Because of its relatively low hardness, peridot is best suited for rings, pendants, and earrings, and should be handled carefully to avoid damage.
Peridot is not typically heat-treated, and inclusions are often visible to the naked eye. However, these inclusions do not detract from the gem’s beauty and are considered a natural part of its character.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Contrast and Clarity
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony with distinct layers of reddish-brown sard and white or black onyx. Because it is opaque, sardonyx is often cut into cabochons, oval shapes, or rectangular settings. It is commonly used for engraving and seal stones, and its durability makes it suitable for rings and bracelets.
Sardonyx is not faceted, and its value is determined by the contrast between the bands and the overall quality of the stone. Stones with strong, distinct bands and minimal flaws are the most desirable.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Gemstones have long been associated with spiritual, emotional, and metaphysical properties. The August and September birthstones are no exception, with rich traditions and beliefs surrounding their powers and meanings.
Sapphires: The Stone of Wisdom and Protection
Sapphires have been revered for centuries as symbols of wisdom, protection, and spiritual insight. In ancient times, they were believed to offer protection from harm and evil, and were often worn by rulers and warriors for strength and guidance. The deep blue sapphires are particularly associated with royalty and nobility, which is reflected in the term “royal blue.”
In modern metaphysical practices, sapphires are believed to calm the mind, enhance intuition, and promote emotional stability. They are also used in meditation to align the third eye chakra and deepen spiritual awareness.
Peridot: The Stone of Light and Abundance
Peridot is associated with light, joy, and abundance. It is believed to ward off negative energy, promote emotional healing, and bring good luck. In ancient times, peridot was used to protect against nightmares and negative dreams, and was often placed under pillows.
Peridot is also known as the stone of prosperity, and is believed to attract wealth and abundance. It is a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance and positivity.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Communication and Courage
Sardonyx is believed to enhance communication, promote courage, and foster harmonious relationships. It is often used in spiritual practices to improve speech and clarity of thought, and is associated with confidence and self-expression.
Sardonyx is also a stone of protection, believed to shield the wearer from harm and negativity. It is often used in rings and amulets to support spiritual growth and emotional strength.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of gemstone jewelry. The care instructions for August and September birthstones vary based on their hardness and sensitivity.
Sapphires: Durable and Easy to Care For
Sapphires are very durable and can be cleaned easily with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. They are not sensitive to heat or chemicals, making them ideal for daily wear in rings, pendants, and bracelets.
Avoid exposing sapphires to extreme temperatures or sudden shocks, as this can cause internal fractures. For professional cleaning, a jeweler’s ultrasonic cleaner is safe and effective.
Peridot: Handle with Care
Peridot is more delicate than sapphire and should be handled with care. It has a lower hardness (6.5–7) and is more prone to scratches and chips. Clean peridot with mild soap and warm water, and avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause damage.
Store peridot separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches, and avoid wearing it during physical activities or sports.
Sardonyx: Opaque and Resilient
Sardonyx is opaque and relatively durable, making it suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with mild soap and water and is not sensitive to heat or chemicals. Avoid using abrasive materials, as they can scratch the surface.
Sardonyx can be polished easily and does not require special care, though it should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The August and September birthstones—sapphire, peridot, and sardonyx—are more than just beautiful gems; they are rich in history, symbolism, and gemological significance. Each of these stones carries a unique story, from the regal sapphire of September to the vibrant peridot and banded sardonyx of August.
Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or metaphysical properties, these gemstones make meaningful and lasting gifts. Their use in rings and other jewelry allows wearers to connect with their birthstones in a personal and tangible way.
For gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology, the August and September birthstones offer a fascinating glimpse into the world of natural gemstones, their geological origins, and their enduring cultural and emotional significance.