August and November are months rich in birthstone tradition, each offering a unique selection of gemstones that reflect the diversity and cultural depth of this ancient practice. While August is celebrated with three birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—November has its own distinguished selection, including topaz and citrine. These gemstones are not only prized for their beauty but also for their historical significance, scientific properties, and symbolic meanings. This article will explore the properties, origins, and cultural lore of the August and November birthstones, drawing from authoritative sources and historical records to provide a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry buyers.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical and medieval practices. The concept is thought to have originated in Poland or Germany and has since evolved into multiple versions across different cultures and regions. In the modern era, the birthstone tradition was formalized by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America), which created the first standardized list of birthstones in the United States. Over time, this list has been updated to include alternative and modern gemstones, reflecting changing tastes and the availability of new materials.
For August, the birthstone tradition has expanded to include three gemstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Onyx, once the primary August birthstone, is sometimes included in this list as well. Peridot, with its vibrant green hue, is considered the traditional August birthstone. Sardonyx, a type of onyx with a red-brown and white banding, has been associated with August for over 4,000 years. The most recent addition to August’s birthstone list is spinel, which was officially recognized in 2016. This reflects the dynamic nature of birthstone traditions, which continue to evolve in response to new discoveries and shifting consumer preferences.
November's birthstones, in contrast, include topaz and citrine. Topaz has long been associated with this month, while citrine was added as an alternative option. These gemstones have been valued for their beauty and durability, making them popular choices for jewelry. The inclusion of alternative and traditional stones in both August and November highlights the flexibility of the birthstone tradition, allowing individuals to choose gemstones that best suit their personal preferences and cultural backgrounds.
Geological Formation and Sources
The August and November birthstones are formed under a variety of geological conditions, contributing to their unique properties and appearances. Understanding the formation and sources of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity and value.
Peridot
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, which forms deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity or meteorite impacts. Peridot is often found in lava flows and meteorites, giving it an extraterrestrial allure. Notable sources of peridot include Afghanistan, Brazil, China, and the United States. The gem's color ranges from yellowish-green to deep green, depending on the amount of iron it contains.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate. It forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is found in locations such as Burma, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. Spinel has gained popularity in recent years as a more affordable and durable alternative to ruby. Its vibrant red and pink varieties are particularly sought after.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of onyx, a form of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline quartz. It forms in sedimentary rocks and is characterized by alternating bands of red-brown and white. Historically, sardonyx was used in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome for signet rings and cameos. Major sources of sardonyx include Brazil, India, and Madagascar.
Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks, particularly in pegmatites and rhyolites. It is found in various locations around the world, including Brazil, Mexico, and Russia. Topaz is known for its hardness and clarity, making it a durable choice for jewelry. The gem is available in a range of colors, including yellow, orange, and blue.
Citrine
Citrine is a variety of quartz that forms in igneous rocks. It is typically found in Brazil, Spain, and Russia. Citrine gets its yellow to orange color from trace amounts of iron. It is a popular gemstone due to its affordability and vibrant color.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of August and November birthstones contribute to their appeal and functionality in jewelry. These properties include hardness, chemical composition, refractive index, and color.
Peridot
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but not as hard as diamonds or sapphires. Its chemical formula is (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄, and it has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70. Peridot is known for its brilliance and fire, and its color is due to the presence of iron.
Spinel
Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. Its chemical formula is MgAl₂O₄, and it has a refractive index of 1.718. Spinel is available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, and blue, and is prized for its clarity and brilliance.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Its chemical composition is primarily silicon dioxide, and it has a refractive index of 1.48 to 1.53. Sardonyx is known for its banding and is often used in carved cameos and signet rings.
Topaz
Topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone. Its chemical formula is Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂, and it has a refractive index of 1.61 to 1.63. Topaz is known for its clarity and is available in a range of colors, including yellow, orange, and blue.
Citrine
Citrine has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and a chemical formula of SiO₂. Its refractive index is 1.54 to 1.55. Citrine is a popular gemstone due to its affordability and vibrant color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The August and November birthstones are associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. These beliefs have evolved over time and vary across different cultures and traditions.
Peridot
Peridot has been associated with positive energy, protection, and healing. In ancient Egypt, it was known as the "gem of the Sun" and was believed to bring good fortune and ward off evil spirits. It is also thought to promote emotional balance and reduce stress.
Spinel
Spinel is associated with love, vitality, and emotional warmth. It is believed to enhance passion and emotional connection. In recent years, spinel has gained popularity as a symbol of sincerity and integrity.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is believed to bring strength and protection. It has been used in ancient times for its protective properties and is thought to enhance willpower and determination. It is also associated with courage and resilience.
Topaz
Topaz is associated with strength, wisdom, and good fortune. It is believed to promote mental clarity and emotional stability. In ancient times, topaz was thought to have the power to heal and protect against harm.
Citrine
Citrine is associated with abundance, prosperity, and positive energy. It is believed to promote success and attract wealth. It is also thought to enhance self-confidence and personal power.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of August and November birthstone jewelry. The following guidelines are recommended for each gemstone:
Peridot
Peridot should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause damage. Peridot should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Spinel
Spinel can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is suitable for ultrasonic and steam cleaning. Spinel should be stored in a soft cloth to prevent scratches.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners. Sardonyx should be stored in a soft cloth to prevent scratches.
Topaz
Topaz can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is suitable for ultrasonic and steam cleaning. Topaz should be stored in a soft cloth to prevent scratches.
Citrine
Citrine can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is suitable for ultrasonic and steam cleaning. Citrine should be stored in a soft cloth to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The August and November birthstones—peridot, spinel, sardonyx, topaz, and citrine—offer a diverse and fascinating array of gemstones that reflect the rich history and cultural significance of the birthstone tradition. These gemstones are not only prized for their beauty but also for their unique properties and symbolic meanings. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, understanding the characteristics and significance of these birthstones can enhance your appreciation for their enduring appeal. As the birthstone tradition continues to evolve, these gemstones remain a testament to the enduring connection between humans and the natural world.