December, the final month of the year, is marked by a celebration of change, reflection, and the coming together of loved ones. It is also a month rich in gemstone tradition, as it is one of only two months with multiple birthstones. The December birthstones include turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz. Each of these gemstones carries a unique history, symbolic meaning, and set of gemological properties that make them valuable not only in jewelry but also in cultural and spiritual contexts.
This article explores the meaning and significance of the December birthstones, their historical roots, their geological characteristics, and how they have evolved over time. We will also examine their cultural symbolism and practical considerations for caring for these gems.
Historical & Cultural Significance of December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical and cultural practices. The earliest recorded list of birthstones appears in the Old Testament, where 12 gemstones are described as part of the high priest’s breastplate. However, the modern system of assigning gemstones to months is a more recent development, shaped by evolving jewelry trends and cultural influences.
December’s birthstones have undergone several changes over the years. The earliest reference to a December birthstone, as found in biblical texts, was ruby. However, this changed dramatically over time. By the 19th century, turquoise was designated as the primary December birthstone, as promoted by the Tiffany & Co. pamphlet “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.” In 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now the Jewelers of America) listed turquoise as the primary December birthstone, with lapis lazuli as an alternative.
The modern list continued to expand. In 1952, blue zircon was added to the list by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and in 2002, tanzanite was officially recognized as a December birthstone. Some sources also list blue topaz as a December birthstone, adding to the month's rich diversity of options.
This expansion reflects the changing tastes and accessibility of gemstones over time. Turquoise and zircon have long been associated with December, while tanzanite and blue topaz were added to offer modern alternatives. The inclusion of multiple December birthstones allows individuals to choose a gemstone that best aligns with their personal style, budget, and cultural background.
Turquoise: A Timeless Treasure
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones and has been cherished for thousands of years. Its name comes from the French word "pierre turquoise," meaning "Turkish stone," a reference to its introduction to Europe via Turkish merchants. Turquoise has been found in archaeological sites dating back to 3000 BCE, including in ancient Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica.
In ancient Egyptian culture, turquoise was associated with the goddess Hathor and was used in amulets and jewelry for protection. In China, it was used to create inlaid designs in furniture and artifacts, and was believed to bring good fortune. Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo and Zuni, have a deep spiritual connection to turquoise. They consider it a sacred stone that brings protection, healing, and a connection to the earth and sky.
Turquoise symbolizes health, good fortune, and protection. In European tradition, it was often gifted as a token of affection and used in rings and pendants. In Tibet, it is considered a national treasure and is believed to promote longevity and inner peace.
Turquoise is found in various parts of the world, including Iran (famous for its "Persian blue" color), the United States (particularly in Arizona and Nevada), and China. Each region produces unique variations of turquoise, with differences in color, pattern, and hardness. Turquoise is often treated to enhance its color and durability, making it suitable for jewelry and decorative objects.
Tanzanite: A Modern Marvel
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone list, officially recognized in 2002. It is a relatively rare gemstone, found exclusively in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This geographic exclusivity makes tanzanite one of the most unique and valuable gemstones in the world.
Tanzanite is known for its striking blue to violet color, which is caused by trace amounts of vanadium. Its pleochroism—its ability to display different colors depending on the angle of light—makes it particularly captivating. Tanzanite is also known for its brilliance and clarity, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and fine jewelry.
Symbolically, tanzanite is associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual awakening. It is believed to enhance emotional healing and foster a deeper connection to the universe. In modern jewelry, tanzanite is often paired with white gold or platinum to highlight its vibrant color.
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale. It is also sensitive to high heat and chemicals, which means it requires careful handling and cleaning. As a rare and beautiful gemstone, tanzanite is a meaningful and luxurious choice for December-born individuals.
Blue Zircon: A Gem of Ancient Origin
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. Blue zircon, a popular December birthstone, is known for its brilliant fire and rainbow-like color dispersion. It is a versatile gemstone that can be found in a range of colors, including blue, yellow, and colorless, but blue zircon is the most commonly associated with December.
Zircon is particularly valued for its historical and geological significance. It has been found in ancient artifacts and is believed to have been used in jewelry and decorative objects for thousands of years. Blue zircon is especially prized for its vibrant blue color and excellent clarity, making it a beautiful and affordable alternative to more expensive gemstones.
In terms of symbolism, zircon is associated with wisdom, good fortune, and protection. It is believed to enhance clarity of thought and promote emotional stability. In many cultures, zircon has been used as a talisman for travelers and warriors, offering protection and strength.
Blue zircon is found in various parts of the world, including Cambodia, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka. It is relatively hard, with a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday jewelry. However, it is still sensitive to heat and should be cleaned carefully to avoid damage.
Blue Topaz: A Serene and Soothing Gem
Blue topaz is a popular and affordable December birthstone known for its calm, serene blue color. It is a relatively hard gemstone, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear. Blue topaz is a naturally occurring gemstone, but its blue color is often enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment to bring out its best qualities.
Blue topaz is associated with tranquility, balance, and emotional healing. It is believed to promote inner peace and reduce stress and anxiety. In some cultures, it is also associated with wisdom and communication, helping individuals express themselves more clearly and confidently.
Blue topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. It is a popular choice for jewelry due to its affordability, durability, and beautiful color. It is often used in rings, pendants, and earrings, and is a favorite among those who appreciate minimalist and elegant designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each December birthstone carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. These beliefs vary across cultures and historical periods, but they all reflect the deep connection between humans and gemstones.
Turquoise is often associated with protection, healing, and wisdom. It is believed to promote emotional balance and spiritual clarity. In many cultures, it is used as a talisman for protection and good fortune.
Tanzanite is linked to transformation and spiritual growth. It is believed to enhance intuition and emotional healing, helping individuals navigate through life's changes with grace and confidence.
Blue zircon is associated with wisdom, protection, and clarity of thought. It is believed to promote emotional stability and enhance one's ability to make wise decisions.
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, balance, and emotional healing. It is believed to reduce stress and promote inner peace, making it an ideal gemstone for those seeking tranquility in a chaotic world.
These metaphysical beliefs, while not scientifically proven, reflect the deep cultural and spiritual significance of gemstones. They continue to influence the way people choose and wear gemstones, especially as birthstones.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has unique properties that require specific handling and cleaning methods.
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is also porous and sensitive to chemicals, heat, and sunlight. To clean turquoise, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Turquoise should also be kept away from direct sunlight, which can cause it to fade.
Tanzanite is also a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 6–7. It is sensitive to high heat and chemicals, which can cause it to lose its color or become damaged. To clean tanzanite, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause the stone to crack or lose its color.
Blue zircon has a hardness of 6–7.5 and is relatively durable, but it is still sensitive to heat and chemicals. To clean blue zircon, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam, as they can damage the stone.
Blue topaz is a relatively hard gemstone, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It is more durable than the other December birthstones and can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water or an ultrasonic cleaner. However, it is still best to avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or high heat for extended periods.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz—each carry a unique history, symbolic meaning, and set of gemological properties. These gemstones have been cherished for centuries and continue to be valued for their beauty and significance.
Turquoise, the oldest of the December birthstones, has been used for thousands of years in jewelry, amulets, and decorative objects. It is associated with protection, healing, and wisdom. Tanzanite, the newest addition to the December birthstone list, is known for its vibrant blue to violet color and is associated with transformation and spiritual growth. Blue zircon, with its brilliant fire and rainbow-like color dispersion, is a gemstone of ancient origin and is associated with wisdom, protection, and clarity. Blue topaz, with its calm and serene blue color, is associated with tranquility, balance, and emotional healing.
Whether worn as a symbol of personal meaning or simply as a beautiful piece of jewelry, the December birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of options for those born in this month. Their historical roots, cultural significance, and gemological properties make them valuable not only in jewelry but also in the broader context of human history and tradition.