Birthstones, with their rich history and symbolic significance, have long captivated collectors, jewelers, and cultural historians alike. While each month is associated with a specific gemstone, the price of these stones varies dramatically, influenced by factors such as rarity, color, clarity, and historical prestige. Among the many birthstones, a few stand out for their extraordinary value—some commanding tens of thousands of dollars per carat or even millions for exceptional specimens. This article explores the most expensive birthstones, focusing particularly on alexandrite and rubies, while also examining the broader context of what makes a gemstone so valuable.
We will delve into the geological and historical background of these gemstones, analyze their gemological properties, and discuss the market forces that drive their high prices. Additionally, we will explore the cultural and metaphysical significance that has contributed to their desirability and value over time.
The Debate Over the "Most Expensive Birthstone"
The question of which birthstone is the most expensive is not easily answered. Different sources offer varying conclusions based on how the value is calculated—whether per carat, total price for rare specimens, or market demand. For example, some sources place alexandrite at the top of the list, while others argue that rubies are the most expensive. To understand this debate, it is important to examine the data and the reasoning behind each claim.
Alexandrite: The Color-Changing Wonder
According to several sources, alexandrite holds the title of the most expensive birthstone. It is one of the birthstones for the month of June, alongside pearl and moonstone. The price range for alexandrite is reported to be $15,000 to $70,000 per carat, with the most exceptional specimens fetching even higher prices.
Alexandrite is a chrysoberyl mineral that exhibits a rare color-changing property. In daylight, it appears bluish-green, but under incandescent light, it shifts to a purplish-red hue. This phenomenon is due to the presence of chromium ions, which absorb and reflect light in different ways depending on the light source. This unique characteristic is what makes alexandrite so special and valuable.
The gemstone was first discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1830, and its name is derived from Czar Alexander II, who was celebrating his birthday at the time. Its colors also happen to match those of the Russian military, further contributing to its status as a national stone of Russia.
Despite its high value, alexandrite is relatively rare, and finding a high-quality stone with strong color change is a challenge. This rarity, combined with its historical and aesthetic significance, has helped establish alexandrite as one of the most coveted and expensive gemstones in the world.
Rubies: The Red Kings of the Birthstone World
While alexandrite may be the most expensive in terms of per-carat price, rubies hold the record for the highest total price achieved at auction. According to one source, a 15.99-carat ruby known as the Jubilee Ruby was sold in 2016 for $14.2 million, making it the most expensive gemstone ever sold at auction in the United States.
Rubies are the birthstone for July and are a corundum mineral with chromium as the primary coloring agent. The most valuable rubies are those with a deep red to pinkish-red color, often referred to as "pigeon's blood" color. These stones are typically found in Burma (Myanmar), which is considered the classic source for the finest rubies. Other notable sources include Afghanistan, Thailand, and Tanzania.
Rubies score a 9 on the Mohs hardness scale, making them durable and suitable for everyday wear in jewelry. Their value is influenced by several factors:
- Color: The most desirable rubies have a vivid red color without too much saturation or brownish undertones.
- Clarity: Rubies with fewer inclusions and blemishes are more valuable.
- Cut: A well-proportioned cut enhances the gem's brilliance and color.
- Carat weight: Larger rubies are rarer, and their prices increase exponentially with size.
The Jubilee Ruby is a prime example of how a combination of these factors can lead to an astronomical price. Weighing 15.99 carats and exhibiting an intense red color, it was a once-in-a-lifetime find that captured the attention of collectors and investors worldwide.
Factors Influencing the Price of Birthstones
To understand why certain birthstones command such high prices, it is important to examine the factors that influence their value. These include:
1. Rarity
Rarity is one of the most important determinants of a gemstone’s price. The rarer a gem, the higher its value. Alexandrite and rubies are both rare, but for different reasons.
- Alexandrite is rare because it is a color-change variety of chrysoberyl, a mineral that is itself uncommon. The ability to change color under different lighting conditions is a rare phenomenon in the gem world.
- Rubies are rare due to their specific geological conditions required for formation. The presence of chromium, which gives rubies their red color, is not common in corundum deposits. The best rubies are found in Burmese mines, which are limited in quantity.
2. Color
Color is a critical factor in the value of a gemstone. For rubies, the depth and saturation of the red color determine their price. The most valuable rubies are those with a "pigeon's blood" red, a term used to describe a specific hue that is both intense and slightly pinkish.
For alexandrite, the color change is the key factor. A strong and distinct shift from green to red is highly desirable, and the intensity of this change is what makes alexandrite so valuable.
3. Clarity and Cut
Clarity refers to the absence of inclusions or blemishes in a gemstone. A gem with high clarity is more valuable than one with visible inclusions. However, some inclusions are acceptable or even desirable in certain gemstones, as they can indicate the gem's origin or authenticity.
The cut of a gemstone also plays a significant role in its value. A well-cut gemstone will display greater brilliance and color, making it more attractive and valuable. Poorly cut stones may appear dull or lifeless, even if they are of high quality.
4. Origin
The source of a gemstone can greatly influence its price. Certain localities are known for producing the finest examples of a particular gem. For example, Burmese rubies, Kashmir sapphires, and Brazilian alexandrite are highly prized because of their superior quality and historical significance.
5. Market Demand
Market demand can also affect a gemstone's price. Some gemstones become highly sought after due to trends in jewelry design, cultural associations, or celebrity endorsements. For example, diamonds have become highly valued not because of their rarity or beauty alone, but because of aggressive marketing campaigns that have linked them to romance and luxury.
Other Expensive Birthstones
While alexandrite and rubies are often cited as the most expensive birthstones, several others also command high prices. These include:
1. Tanzanite
Tanzanite is the birthstone for December and is known for its vibrant purple-blue color. It is a zoisite mineral that was first discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Because it is only found in one location in the world, its rarity contributes to its value.
Tanzanite scores a 6.5 on the Mohs hardness scale, which means it is relatively soft and not ideal for everyday wear. As a result, it is often used in display pieces or collector’s items rather than in jewelry that is worn regularly.
According to some sources, the price of tanzanite can range from $1,000 to $3,000 per carat, with the most valuable specimens reaching $3.3 million in total value.
2. Sapphire
Sapphires are the birthstone for September and are a blue variety of corundum. However, sapphires can come in a wide range of colors, including pink, yellow, green, and even colorless (which is then considered a diamond).
The most valuable sapphires are those with a deep blue color and high clarity. The Kashmir sapphires, which are known for their velvety blue color and excellent clarity, are particularly sought after and can command prices in the millions of dollars for large, high-quality stones.
3. Emerald
Emeralds are the birthstone for May and are a green variety of beryl. They are colored by the presence of chromium or vanadium, which gives them their intense green color.
Emeralds are known for their inclusions, which are often accepted as part of their character. However, the most valuable emeralds are those with high clarity and a vibrant green color. The best emeralds come from Colombia, which is the classic source for the finest examples.
Emeralds score a 7.5-8 on the Mohs hardness scale, making them relatively durable but not as hard as diamonds or sapphires. They are also prone to cracking, so they require special care when setting and wearing.
The Cultural and Metaphysical Significance of Expensive Birthstones
Beyond their physical properties and market value, expensive birthstones also hold cultural and metaphysical significance. Many cultures have long believed in the healing, protective, and spiritual properties of gemstones, and this belief has contributed to their desirability and value.
1. Alexandrite and Protection
Alexandrite has been associated with protection and transformation in various cultures. Its color-changing property is seen as a symbol of adaptability and balance, and it is believed to help individuals navigate change and uncertainty.
In Russian folklore, alexandrite was considered a lucky stone, particularly for those in the military. It was also believed to enhance memory and concentration, making it a popular choice for scholars and students.
2. Rubies and Power
Rubies have long been associated with power, passion, and vitality. In Burmese culture, rubies were considered to be the gem of kings, and they were often used in royal regalia and religious ceremonies.
In Vedic astrology, rubies are believed to enhance courage and confidence, and they are often worn to boost energy and motivation. They are also believed to protect against negative influences and to promote love and harmony in relationships.
3. Tanzanite and Emotional Healing
Tanzanite is often associated with emotional healing and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals release negative emotions and fears, and it is used in energy healing practices to promote inner peace and self-awareness.
In New Age spirituality, tanzanite is considered a stone of transformation, and it is used to help individuals connect with their higher selves and the divine.
Care and Maintenance of Expensive Birthstones
Given the high value of these gemstones, it is important to care for them properly to ensure their longevity and beauty. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, chemical composition, and sensitivity to heat and light.
1. Alexandrite
Alexandrite is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 8.5, making it durable for everyday wear. However, it is sensitive to heat and light, and prolonged exposure to strong light sources can cause fading or discoloration.
To care for alexandrite jewelry, it is best to avoid exposure to direct sunlight and high temperatures. When cleaning, use warm water and a soft cloth, and avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, which can damage the stone.
2. Rubies
Rubies are very durable, with a Mohs hardness of 9, making them suitable for everyday wear. However, they can be damaged by sudden temperature changes, so it is important to avoid exposing them to extreme heat or cold.
When cleaning ruby jewelry, use warm water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ammonia or bleach, as these can damage the gemstone’s surface. For more thorough cleaning, a professional jeweler can perform a safe and effective cleaning.
3. Tanzanite
Tanzanite is softer than ruby or alexandrite, with a Mohs hardness of 6-6.5, making it more prone to scratches and fractures. It is also sensitive to heat and light, and prolonged exposure to sunlight or artificial light can cause fading.
To care for tanzanite jewelry, avoid exposure to high temperatures and direct sunlight. Use warm water and a soft cloth for cleaning, and avoid ultrasonic or steam cleaners, which can damage the stone.
Conclusion
The quest to determine the most expensive birthstone is a nuanced one, influenced by a combination of rarity, color, clarity, cut, and market demand. While alexandrite and rubies are often cited as the most expensive, the debate is ongoing, with each gemstone having its own unique qualities and justifications for its high value.
Alexandrite, with its rare color-changing properties, and rubies, with their deep red hues and royal associations, are both extraordinary gemstones that have captivated collectors and jewelers for centuries. Other expensive birthstones, such as tanzanite, sapphire, and emerald, also command high prices due to their beauty, rarity, and cultural significance.
Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, understanding the factors that influence the value of birthstones can help you appreciate their beauty and rarity in a deeper way. As these gemstones continue to be cherished and collected, their legacy as symbols of beauty, power, and transformation will endure for generations to come.