August is a vibrant month, characterized by warmth and the lush greenery of summer. As part of the rich tapestry of birthstones, August is associated with three unique gemstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Among these, peridot stands out as the most popular and historically significant. This article delves into the history, geological properties, symbolism, and care of these August birthstones, with a particular focus on peridot.
History and Lore
The history of the August birthstones is deeply rooted in cultural and historical contexts. Peridot, the yellowish-green gemstone, has a fascinating history that dates back thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians referred to peridot as the "Gem of the Sun," believing it to have special healing properties. This belief is intertwined with the gemstone's association with the sun, a symbol of life and vitality.
The origins of peridot can be traced to the Red Sea island of Zabargad, where it was mined as early as 2000 BC. This island, known for its harsh environment and lack of fresh water, has long been a source of high-quality peridot. The gemstone was also found in volcanic lava in Hawaii and in meteorites, adding to its cosmic allure. The discovery of peridot in meteorites, such as the pallasite meteorites, has led to its classification as the only known extra-terrestrial gemstone. This unique origin contributes to the stone's mystique and its connection to the cosmos.
In addition to peridot, spinel and sardonyx are also recognized as August birthstones. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, has gained recognition as a distinct and valuable gemstone. The 2007 discovery of pinkish and orangy red spinel in Tanzania captivated gem collectors, showcasing the beauty and diversity of this gemstone. Sardonyx, on the other hand, is one of the oldest August birthstones, with a history that spans over 4,000 years. It was a popular stone in ancient Rome, used for seals and signet rings due to its durability and the way it interacts with hot wax.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, composed of magnesium-iron silicates. Its color, ranging from yellowish green to greenish yellow, is attributed to the presence of iron in the crystal structure. The amount of iron influences the shade of green; higher iron content results in a more brownish hue. This variation in color adds to the stone's versatility in jewelry design.
The primary sources of peridot include Egypt, Burma (Myanmar), America, Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, and China. Additionally, peridot has been discovered in meteorites, further emphasizing its cosmic origins. The San Carlos Indian reservation in Arizona is known for producing small stones of peridot, while the beaches near Zabargad often exhibit a greenish hue due to the presence of tiny peridot crystals.
Spinel, another August birthstone, is found in various colors, including red, pink, and purple. The most notable sources of spinel include Tanzania, where the 2007 discovery of pinkish and orangy red spinel has garnered attention from gem collectors. The hardness of spinel, rated at 8 on the Mohs scale, makes it a durable gemstone suitable for rings and other jewelry. However, care should be taken when cleaning spinel, as fractures can pose a problem. Warm soapy water is recommended for cleaning, while ultrasonic and steam cleaners can also be used with caution.
Sardonyx, a combination of sard and onyx, is a type of chalcedony. It features alternating bands of brownish red to brown to dark orange sard and typically white or black onyx. This gemstone was particularly popular in ancient Rome for use in seals and signet rings. The unique banding of colors made sardonyx a favored material for cameos and intaglios, allowing for intricate carvings that reflected the artistic sensibilities of the time.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of August birthstones is essential for both collectors and jewelers. Peridot, with its refractive index ranging from 1.65 to 1.69 and birefringence of 0.035 to 0.038, exhibits a unique optical characteristic that contributes to its allure. Its specific gravity of 3.34 and Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7 make it relatively durable, though it is not as hard as some other gemstones. The yellowish green to greenish yellow color of peridot is a defining feature, and it is one of the few gemstones that occur naturally in this shade.
Spinel, known for its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, is a durable gemstone that can withstand the rigors of everyday wear. It is available in a range of colors, including red, pink, purple, and blue. The stability of spinel when exposed to light and chemicals makes it a desirable choice for jewelry. However, it is important to note that high heat can cause some colors of spinel to fade, necessitating careful handling during the setting and cleaning processes.
Sardonyx, with its bands of sard and onyx, has a hardness that makes it suitable for carving and engraving. Its unique banding allows for intricate designs, making it a favorite among artisans. The durability of sardonyx ensures that it can be worn in various types of jewelry, from rings to pendants.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with August birthstones add another layer to their significance. Peridot is often referred to as the "Gem of the Sun," symbolizing light and vitality. It is believed to promote tranquility and peaceful sleep, balancing the mind and body. In ancient times, peridot was considered a charm against nightmares, and it was thought to bring happiness and emotional stability. The gemstone is also associated with the 16th wedding anniversary, making it a meaningful choice for couples celebrating this milestone.
Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, has its own set of symbolic meanings. It is believed to enhance courage and confidence, making it a powerful stone for those seeking to overcome challenges. The vibrant colors of spinel are said to bring energy and enthusiasm, encouraging wearers to embrace life with passion.
Sardonyx is known for its protective qualities. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off evil and promote success in endeavors. The banding of colors in sardonyx is thought to represent the balance between different aspects of life, encouraging harmony and stability. It is also associated with courage and determination, making it a suitable stone for those embarking on new journeys.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty of August birthstones. Peridot, with its relatively low hardness, requires gentle handling. It is recommended to clean peridot with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can also be used, but it is important to avoid harsh chemicals that may damage the stone. Due to its sensitivity to heat, peridot should not be exposed to high temperatures, as this can cause it to lose its luster.
Spinel, being a harder gemstone, can be cleaned with ultrasonic and steam cleaners. However, care should be taken if the spinel has any fractures, as these can be exacerbated by the cleaning process. Warm soapy water is a safe and effective method for cleaning spinel, ensuring that it remains vibrant and beautiful.
Sardonyx, with its durability, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also suitable for ultrasonic and steam cleaning, provided there are no fractures or inclusions that could be affected by the process. The unique banding of sardonyx should be preserved through proper care, ensuring that it continues to showcase its intricate patterns.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each carry a rich history and unique gemological properties that contribute to their allure. Peridot, with its vibrant green color and cosmic origins, has been cherished for millennia for its beauty and symbolic significance. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, has gained recognition for its durability and vibrant colors, making it a desirable choice for jewelry. Sardonyx, with its ancient roots and protective qualities, continues to be a favored gemstone for its intricate banding and historical significance.
Understanding the properties, history, and symbolism of these gemstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their role in both personal adornment and cultural heritage. Whether chosen for their beauty, meaning, or historical connection, the August birthstones offer a unique and meaningful way to celebrate the month of August.