March, a month symbolizing renewal, new beginnings, and the gradual thaw of winter, holds a unique place in the world of gemstones. Unlike other months that are associated with a single birthstone, March is graced with two: aquamarine and bloodstone. These two gemstones, though vastly different in appearance and structure, share deep historical roots and symbolic significance that have captivated cultures for centuries. This article delves into the origins, properties, symbolism, and practical care of these two March birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview that will appeal to gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology alike.
Introduction
March is one of the few months with dual birthstones, a designation that reflects the richness of its history and the diverse cultural influences that have shaped its symbolism. The two gemstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—have been associated with the month since ancient times, though their modern adoption as birthstones is a more recent phenomenon.
Aquamarine, a member of the beryl family, is prized for its clear, water-like clarity and its serene blue-green hues. Bloodstone, a type of jasper, is valued for its deep green color flecked with red iron oxide spots that resemble blood droplets. Both stones have been linked to protection, strength, and spiritual well-being, making them not only beautiful but also meaningful choices for those born in March.
This article explores the historical and cultural significance of these two gemstones, their geological formation, gemological properties, and their roles in metaphysical traditions. We also provide guidance on how to care for these stones to preserve their beauty and longevity.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient times, with the earliest known references found in the Bible. In Exodus 28:15–30, Aaron, the high priest, was instructed to wear a breastplate adorned with 12 gemstones representing the 12 tribes of Israel. While the exact identities of these stones remain debated, they were later associated with the 12 months of the year and the zodiac signs.
By the 1st century AD, birthstone traditions had evolved to link the 12 stones to the months of the year, forming the foundation for modern birthstone lists. Bloodstone, one of the earliest recorded birthstones for March, was already in use during this time. Its association with the month is likely due to its protective qualities, which were highly valued in ancient times. Bloodstone was believed to bring courage and strength to warriors and to purify the blood, hence its name.
Aquamarine, on the other hand, emerged as a recognized birthstone much later. Its name derives from the Latin aqua marina, meaning "seawater," a reference to its color and the belief that it could calm the seas and protect sailors. Ancient mariners carried aquamarine to ensure safe passage and to appease the sea god Poseidon. Over time, the stone became associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional balance, making it a popular choice for those born in March.
The dual designation of March with aquamarine and bloodstone is a relatively modern development. In the 1800s, standardized birthstone lists began to emerge, and by the 1900s, the practice of wearing birthstone jewelry according to one’s birth month became widespread. Tiffany & Co. played a pivotal role in this evolution, publishing birthstone poems in 1870, which helped to popularize the concept. Today, aquamarine and bloodstone are both officially recognized as the birthstones of March, though aquamarine has become the more widely celebrated of the two.
Geological Formation and Sources
Both aquamarine and bloodstone are formed through geological processes that span millions of years, resulting in gemstones with unique characteristics.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a variety of beryl, a mineral composed of beryllium aluminum silicate (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆). Its blue-green color is due to the presence of iron impurities within the crystal structure. Beryl typically forms in granitic pegmatites, which are igneous rocks that crystallize from magma rich in water and rare elements. The presence of these conditions allows for the formation of large, well-formed crystals, including aquamarine.
The most notable sources of aquamarine are located in Brazil, particularly in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. These regions are known for producing high-quality aquamarine with intense blue tones. Other significant sources include Nigeria, Zambia, and the United States (particularly California and Colorado). Aquamarine is also found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Urals in Russia.
Aquamarine crystals are typically transparent and free from inclusions, making them ideal for faceting. The clarity of the stone is one of its defining features, and the more transparent and colorless a piece is, the more valuable it tends to be. The pleochroic nature of aquamarine, where it can appear blue, green, or colorless depending on the viewing angle, is a fascinating optical property that adds to its allure.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone, a type of jasper, is an opaque mineral composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) with inclusions of iron oxide. Jasper is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. Bloodstone is characterized by its deep green background and red speckles, which resemble drops of blood. These red spots are caused by the presence of iron oxide (hematite) within the stone.
Bloodstone forms in volcanic environments where silica-rich solutions infiltrate cavities and cracks in rock. Over time, these solutions cool and solidify, forming jasper and its many varieties, including bloodstone. The most significant sources of bloodstone are India, particularly in the state of Jodhpur, and the United States (especially in California and Arizona). Bloodstone is also found in Brazil, Madagascar, and Russia.
Unlike aquamarine, bloodstone is typically opaque and is best suited for cabochon cutting. The red iron oxide inclusions are a defining feature of the stone and are highly valued for their symbolic meaning. The name "bloodstone" is derived from the belief that the red specks represent the blood of Christ, and the stone was historically used in religious artifacts and jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of aquamarine and bloodstone is essential for appreciating their beauty, durability, and suitability for different types of jewelry.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a relatively durable gemstone with a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale. This hardness makes it suitable for a wide range of jewelry, including rings, necklaces, and earrings. However, like all beryls, aquamarine is somewhat brittle and can be prone to chipping if struck with sufficient force. It is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes and strong acids, so care must be taken when cleaning or storing aquamarine jewelry.
The refractive index of aquamarine ranges from 1.56 to 1.60, and it exhibits a vitreous luster. Its pleochroism, the ability to show different colors when viewed from different angles, is a distinctive feature that can affect how the stone is cut and displayed. Skilled gem cutters often orient the stone to maximize its blue tones, as these are generally more desirable than the green or colorless tones.
Aquamarine is typically transparent to translucent and is often free from visible inclusions. The clearest and most intensely blue stones are the most valuable. The color of aquamarine can vary from a pale blue to a deep blue-green, depending on the concentration of iron within the stone. The most prized aquamarine is a vivid blue with minimal green undertones.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it less durable than aquamarine but still suitable for most types of jewelry. It is best suited for cabochon cutting, which allows the red iron oxide inclusions to be visible and enhances the stone's appearance. Bloodstone is relatively dense and heavy for its size, which gives it a substantial feel when held.
The refractive index of bloodstone is around 1.48 to 1.53, and it exhibits a waxy to vitreous luster. Unlike aquamarine, bloodstone is opaque and does not exhibit pleochroism. The red inclusions are often scattered throughout the stone in a random pattern, and the density of these inclusions can vary from one piece to another.
Bloodstone is generally stable and resistant to most chemicals, but it can be sensitive to heat and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, which may cause the red inclusions to fade slightly. It is also important to avoid using harsh abrasives or ultrasonic cleaners when cleaning bloodstone, as these can damage the surface of the stone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both aquamarine and bloodstone have long been associated with protective and healing properties, and they have played important roles in various cultural and spiritual traditions.
Aquamarine
In ancient times, aquamarine was believed to have the power to calm the seas and protect sailors from danger. This association with the sea and water has carried over into modern metaphysical beliefs, where aquamarine is thought to promote emotional balance, serenity, and inner peace. It is often used in meditation and is believed to help reduce stress and anxiety.
Aquamarine is also associated with truth, clarity, and communication. It is said to enhance one’s ability to express oneself clearly and to listen attentively to others. This makes it a popular stone for those in professions that require strong communication skills, such as teaching, counseling, or public speaking.
In terms of physical healing, aquamarine is believed to support the throat, thyroid, and respiratory systems. It is also thought to help with digestive issues and to promote restful sleep. Some traditions also associate aquamarine with the heart chakra, where it is believed to help open the heart to love and compassion.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone has a long history of use in protective and healing traditions. In ancient times, it was believed to purify the blood and to stop bleeding from wounds, which is why it was often used in battle or by healers. This association with blood and vitality has led to the belief that bloodstone can help with circulatory problems and can boost energy and stamina.
Bloodstone is also thought to promote courage, strength, and determination. It is often used to help individuals overcome fears, face challenges, and stay focused on their goals. In some traditions, bloodstone is believed to help ground and stabilize the wearer, bringing a sense of balance and security.
In terms of emotional healing, bloodstone is associated with the root chakra, where it is believed to help restore a sense of safety and stability. It is also thought to help with anger and frustration, encouraging patience and self-control. Some traditions also associate bloodstone with the immune system and with the ability to recover from illness or injury.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of aquamarine and bloodstone. Both gemstones require gentle handling and specific cleaning methods to avoid damage.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine should be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone or cause it to lose its color. Aquamarine is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.
When storing aquamarine jewelry, it is best to keep it in a soft cloth or a jewelry box to prevent scratches. Aquamarine should also be kept away from harder gemstones, as it can be easily scratched. It is recommended to polish aquamarine jewelry with a soft cloth to maintain its luster.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone should also be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the surface of the stone. Bloodstone should also be kept away from heat and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, as these can cause the red inclusions to fade.
When storing bloodstone jewelry, it is best to keep it in a soft cloth or a jewelry box to prevent scratches. Bloodstone is relatively dense and heavy, so it is less likely to be damaged by contact with other stones. However, it is still a good idea to store it separately from harder gemstones to avoid any potential scratches.
Conclusion
March is a month of transformation and renewal, and its dual birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—reflect this theme in both their appearance and symbolism. Aquamarine, with its serene blue-green color and association with calmness and clarity, is a gemstone of emotional balance and protection. Bloodstone, with its deep green background and red inclusions, is a symbol of strength, courage, and vitality.
Both gemstones have a rich history and a wide range of uses in jewelry, from ancient times to the present day. Their geological properties and symbolic meanings make them not only beautiful but also meaningful choices for those born in March. Whether you are drawn to the tranquil hues of aquamarine or the bold presence of bloodstone, these two gemstones offer a unique and enduring connection to the month of March and its timeless themes of new beginnings and resilience.