Tanzanite, the December birthstone, stands out among gemstones for its striking color, rarity, and modern significance. Discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, it quickly became a sensation in the gem world and was officially recognized as a birthstone in 2002. Known for its deep blue and violet hues, Tanzanite is not only a visual marvel but also a gemstone rich in symbolism and cultural meaning. This article delves into the history, geological properties, spiritual significance, and care of Tanzanite, offering a comprehensive understanding of this captivating gemstone.
Tanzanite is unique in that it is found in only one location on Earth—the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This geographical exclusivity contributes to its allure and value. The stone is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its "velvety" coloration, which ranges from pure blue-violet to violet-blue. Its relatively short history in the gem world and its rapid rise in popularity make Tanzanite a fascinating subject for gemologists, collectors, and jewelry enthusiasts alike.
This article explores the journey of Tanzanite from its discovery to its current status as a beloved December birthstone. It covers the gem’s geological formation, its physical and optical properties, its cultural and metaphysical significance, and practical advice on how to care for Tanzanite jewelry. By the end of this article, readers will have a deeper appreciation for Tanzanite and its role in both historical and modern contexts.
History and Cultural Significance of Tanzanite
The Discovery of Tanzanite
Tanzanite was first discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, located near Mount Kilimanjaro. This region is the only place in the world where Tanzanite is mined. The discovery was made by a German geologist named Count von Treuberg, who was prospecting in the area. However, it was not until 1967 that the gemstone was recognized for its potential as a valuable and unique stone. The initial samples were found to be brownish zoisite, but when these were heat-treated, they transformed into the vibrant blue-violet hues that characterize Tanzanite today.
The transformation of Tanzanite from its natural brown color to its stunning blue-violet shade is due to a process known as heat treatment. This process is permanent and does not affect the gemstone's durability. The first commercial mining operations in the Merelani Hills began in the late 1960s, and by 1968, the gemstone was being marketed to the public. The gemstone's name was coined to honor its country of origin, Tanzania, and it quickly gained international recognition.
The Role of Tiffany & Co.
One of the pivotal moments in Tanzanite's history was its introduction to the global market by Tiffany & Co. in 1968. The renowned jewelry house played a crucial role in promoting the gemstone, creating a major advertising campaign that highlighted its beauty and rarity. Tiffany & Co. was instrumental in popularizing Tanzanite, and their efforts led to the gemstone becoming an instant sensation. The company's involvement not only elevated the status of Tanzanite but also helped establish it as a valuable and desirable gemstone in the world of jewelry.
Tanzanite's rise to fame was further solidified in 2002 when it was officially recognized as the birthstone for December by the American Gem Society, alongside turquoise and zircon. This recognition added to the gemstone's prestige and made it a popular choice for jewelry associated with December birthdays. Tanzanite is also the gemstone for the 24th wedding anniversary, further expanding its cultural significance.
Myths and Legends
While Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone in the grand scheme of gemology, it has already developed a rich tapestry of myths and legends. In some cultures, Tanzanite is believed to possess powerful metaphysical properties. It is associated with transformation, creativity, and peace. The gemstone is thought to have the ability to break down negativity and turn it into positive energy. It is also believed to help individuals achieve a balance between personal power and actualization, aiding in the manifestation of their goals.
In the realm of chakras, Tanzanite is said to stimulate the throat, third eye, and crown chakras. This makes it a stone of communication and psychic development. Its deep blue-violet hues are thought to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness, making it a popular choice for those seeking to deepen their connection with the spiritual world.
Cultural Significance
Tanzanite's cultural significance extends beyond its metaphysical properties. In Tanzania, the gemstone is a source of national pride and economic importance. The Merelani Hills, where Tanzanite is mined, play a crucial role in the country's economy, providing employment for thousands of workers. The gemstone's discovery and subsequent popularity have contributed to Tanzania's status as a major player in the global gemstone market.
In modern times, Tanzanite is often associated with the themes of protection, fortune, and serenity. It is believed to offer its wearer a sense of calm and stability, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their emotional well-being. The gemstone's deep blue-violet color is also symbolic of wisdom, tranquility, and the infinite, making it a meaningful addition to any jewelry collection.
Geological Formation and Sources of Tanzanite
The Unique Geological Conditions
Tanzanite is formed under specific geological conditions that are unique to the Merelani Hills in northern Tanzania. The gemstone is a variety of the mineral zoisite, which is a calcium aluminum silicate. The transformation of brown zoisite into the vibrant blue-violet Tanzanite is the result of a natural process involving heat and radiation. This process is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the presence of trace elements such as vanadium and iron, which contribute to the gemstone's color.
The Merelani Hills are located in a region of Tanzania characterized by volcanic activity and tectonic movement. These geological forces have created the ideal conditions for the formation of Tanzanite. The area is part of a larger geological province that includes other valuable minerals, making it a significant location for mineral exploration and mining.
Mining and Production
The Merelani Hills are the only commercial source of Tanzanite in the world. The mining operations in this area are both mechanized and manual, with thousands of workers involved in the extraction process. The mines extend over 100 meters deep, and the conditions are challenging, with the workers navigating through rocky soil and scrub-covered hillsides. The mining process involves the use of heavy machinery to extract the ore, which is then processed to separate the Tanzanite from other minerals.
The production of Tanzanite is limited by the finite nature of the Merelani Hills' deposits. As the mines become depleted, the availability of Tanzanite is expected to decrease, leading to an increase in its value. This scarcity is one of the reasons why Tanzanite is considered a rare and valuable gemstone.
Environmental and Ethical Considerations
The mining of Tanzanite raises important environmental and ethical considerations. The Merelani Hills are a sensitive ecological area, and the mining activities can have a significant impact on the local environment. Efforts are being made to ensure that the mining operations are conducted in a sustainable manner, minimizing their environmental footprint. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on ethical mining practices, ensuring that workers are treated fairly and that the benefits of the gemstone's production are shared with the local communities.
The ethical sourcing of Tanzanite is also a concern for consumers and jewelers. As the demand for Tanzanite continues to grow, there is a need for transparency in the supply chain to ensure that the gemstone is sourced responsibly. This includes ensuring that the mining operations are not associated with human rights abuses or environmental degradation.
Gemological Properties of Tanzanite
Physical and Optical Characteristics
Tanzanite is a gemstone with distinct physical and optical properties that contribute to its beauty and desirability. It has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively durable but not as hard as diamonds or sapphires. This hardness level makes it suitable for certain types of jewelry, such as pendants and earrings, but it is not recommended for everyday wear in rings, as it is more susceptible to scratches and abrasions.
One of the most notable characteristics of Tanzanite is its pleochroism, which means that it exhibits different colors when viewed from different angles. This property allows the gemstone to display a range of colors, from deep blue to violet, depending on the lighting and the angle of observation. The most highly prized and valuable Tanzanite stones are those with a pure rich blue-violet color, as this hue is considered the most aesthetically pleasing.
Chemical Composition and Heat Treatment
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)₂. The transformation of brown zoisite into Tanzanite is achieved through a process of heat treatment. This process is essential for bringing out the gemstone's characteristic blue-violet color. The heat treatment is permanent and does not affect the gemstone's durability, making it a reliable method for enhancing the stone's appearance.
The chemical composition of Tanzanite is influenced by the presence of trace elements such as vanadium and iron, which contribute to its color. These elements are responsible for the gemstone's vibrant hues, and their concentration can vary depending on the specific deposit from which the Tanzanite is mined. This variation in chemical composition can lead to differences in color intensity and saturation among Tanzanite specimens.
Clarity and Inclusions
Tanzanite is generally known for its high clarity and transparency. However, like many gemstones, it can contain inclusions that are visible to the naked eye or under magnification. These inclusions are often referred to as "silk" or "cloudiness" and are considered a natural characteristic of the gemstone. While some inclusions can detract from the gemstone's appearance, they are generally not considered to be a significant flaw in Tanzanite. In fact, the presence of inclusions can sometimes enhance the gemstone's character and individuality.
The clarity of Tanzanite is an important factor in determining its value and desirability. Stones with high clarity and minimal inclusions are more valuable and sought after by collectors and jewelers. The presence of inclusions can also affect the gemstone's refractive index, which is a measure of how light is bent as it passes through the stone. Tanzanite has a refractive index of 1.694 to 1.706, which contributes to its brilliance and sparkle.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite in Lithotherapy and Modern Astrology
Tanzanite is deeply rooted in the practice of lithotherapy, where it is believed to possess powerful metaphysical properties. In this context, the gemstone is associated with transformation, creativity, and emotional healing. It is thought to help individuals release negative emotions and replace them with positive energy. Tanzanite is also believed to enhance one's ability to communicate effectively, making it a valuable tool for those who wish to improve their verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
In modern astrology, Tanzanite is linked to the zodiac sign of Sagittarius, which is ruled by the planet Jupiter. Sagittarius is associated with themes of adventure, exploration, and spiritual growth. Tanzanite is believed to support these qualities by encouraging individuals to embrace change and seek out new experiences. The gemstone is also associated with the concept of higher knowledge and wisdom, making it a powerful ally for those on a spiritual journey.
Tanzanite and the Chakras
Tanzanite is closely associated with the throat, third eye, and crown chakras in the realm of chakra healing. The throat chakra is responsible for communication and self-expression, and Tanzanite is believed to enhance these abilities by promoting clarity and confidence in verbal communication. The third eye chakra is associated with intuition and psychic awareness, and Tanzanite is thought to stimulate this chakra, enhancing one's ability to access inner wisdom and insight. The crown chakra is linked to spiritual connection and higher consciousness, and Tanzanite is believed to support this by facilitating a deeper connection with the divine.
Tanzanite in Ancestral and Cultural Traditions
The use of Tanzanite in ancestral and cultural traditions is a testament to its enduring significance. In many cultures, birthstones are believed to offer their bearers protection, fortune, and serenity. Tanzanite is no exception, and it is considered a powerful symbol of these qualities. The gemstone is often used in rituals and ceremonies to invoke its protective and positive energies, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their spiritual well-being.
In some traditions, Tanzanite is also associated with the concept of transformation and rebirth. It is believed to help individuals navigate through periods of change and transition, offering support and guidance during times of uncertainty. This symbolism makes Tanzanite a meaningful and powerful gemstone, especially for those undergoing significant life changes.
Care and Cleaning of Tanzanite Jewelry
Proper Handling and Storage
Due to its moderate hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, Tanzanite requires careful handling and storage to prevent damage. While it is more durable than some other gemstones, it is still susceptible to scratches and abrasions, especially when exposed to harder materials. To protect Tanzanite jewelry, it is recommended to store the gemstone separately from other gemstones in a soft cloth or a padded jewelry box. This helps prevent scratches and minimizes the risk of damage.
When wearing Tanzanite jewelry, it is important to avoid activities that may subject the gemstone to impact or pressure. Tanzanite can be prone to cracking if exposed to sudden temperature changes or high heat. Therefore, it is advisable to remove Tanzanite jewelry before engaging in activities that involve physical exertion or exposure to extreme temperatures, such as sauna use or hot water immersion.
Cleaning Methods
Tanzanite can be cleaned using warm, soapy water. This method is gentle and effective for removing dirt and grime without damaging the gemstone. To clean Tanzanite jewelry, soak the piece in a solution of warm water and mild dish soap for a few minutes. Gently scrub the gemstone with a soft-bristled brush, and then rinse it with clean water. Finally, pat the jewelry dry with a soft, lint-free cloth.
It is important to note that ultrasonic and steam cleaners should not be used to clean Tanzanite. These cleaning methods can cause the gemstone to crack or become damaged due to the high-frequency vibrations and intense heat. Additionally, Tanzanite is sensitive to certain chemicals, such as hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, which can attack the gemstone and cause discoloration or damage. Therefore, it is best to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials when cleaning Tanzanite jewelry.
Professional Cleaning and Maintenance
For more thorough cleaning or for jewelry that requires professional maintenance, it is recommended to seek the services of a qualified jeweler. A professional jeweler can assess the condition of the Tanzanite and determine the best cleaning method based on the gemstone's specific needs. They can also check for any signs of wear or damage and provide recommendations for maintaining the gemstone's appearance and durability.
Regular inspection of Tanzanite jewelry is also advisable to ensure that the gemstone remains secure in its setting. If the setting becomes loose or damaged, it should be repaired promptly to prevent the gemstone from becoming dislodged. A jeweler can perform this repair and ensure that the Tanzanite is properly secured and protected.
Protective Mountings for Tanzanite Jewelry
Given its moderate hardness and susceptibility to damage, Tanzanite is best set in jewelry that is designed to provide protection. Earrings and pendants are ideal choices for Tanzanite, as they are less likely to be subjected to impact or abrasion. However, if Tanzanite is to be set in a ring, it is recommended to use a protective mounting that shields the gemstone from direct contact with harder surfaces. This type of mounting can help minimize the risk of scratches and damage, ensuring that the Tanzanite remains in good condition.
When selecting a setting for Tanzanite, it is important to consider the gemstone's optical properties and color. A setting that complements the gemstone's deep blue-violet hues and enhances its brilliance can significantly enhance the overall appearance of the jewelry. A skilled jeweler can create a custom setting that not only protects the Tanzanite but also showcases its beauty.
Conclusion
Tanzanite, the December birthstone, is a gemstone that captivates with its deep blue-violet hues and rare origin in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. Discovered in 1967 and officially recognized as a birthstone in 2002, Tanzanite has quickly gained popularity for its beauty, symbolism, and metaphysical properties. Its geological formation, influenced by the unique conditions of the Merelani Hills, contributes to its exclusivity and value. The gemstone's transformation from brown zoisite to its vibrant blue-violet color through heat treatment is a process that enhances its aesthetic appeal without compromising its durability.
Tanzanite is not only a gemstone of visual beauty but also a symbol of transformation, creativity, and emotional healing. Its association with the throat, third eye, and crown chakras makes it a powerful tool in lithotherapy and chakra healing. The gemstone's role in ancestral traditions and modern astrology further underscores its cultural and spiritual significance. As a December birthstone, Tanzanite is believed to offer its wearer protection, fortune, and serenity, making it a meaningful and powerful gemstone.
The care and maintenance of Tanzanite jewelry require attention to its physical properties and potential vulnerabilities. Due to its moderate hardness, Tanzanite should be handled with care to prevent scratches and damage. Cleaning with warm, soapy water is the recommended method, while ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided. Proper storage and protective mountings are essential for preserving the gemstone's appearance and durability.
Tanzanite's unique combination of beauty, rarity, and symbolism makes it a cherished gemstone among collectors, jewelry enthusiasts, and those who appreciate the deeper meanings of gemstones. As the only commercially available source of Tanzanite continues to deplete, the gemstone's value is expected to increase, further solidifying its status as a rare and precious gemstone.