December, the final month of the year, is uniquely distinguished in the world of gemology by its trio—and in some sources, even five—birthstones. This diversity reflects both the complexity of historical traditions and the evolution of gemstone symbolism over time. Each of these December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, blue topaz, and lapis lazuli—carries a distinct set of properties, meanings, and cultural significance. From the vibrant blue of turquoise to the deep violet hues of tanzanite and the fiery brilliance of zircon, these gemstones offer a rich tapestry of color and symbolism that resonates with the spirit of the winter season.
This article delves into the historical origins, geological properties, metaphysical beliefs, and cultural symbolism of December’s birthstones, offering a comprehensive guide for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
A Historical Journey Through December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back thousands of years, with early references found in ancient texts such as the Biblical Breastplate of Aaron, which lists 12 gemstones corresponding to the 12 tribes of Israel. These early lists were largely symbolic and religious in nature. Over time, as cultural exchanges flourished and gemology evolved, the list of birthstones became more secular and commercially relevant.
December’s birthstone list has undergone the most significant changes of all months. Initially, ruby was the designated birthstone for December in some of the earliest lists, reflecting its fiery red color and symbolic power. However, by the 19th and 20th centuries, the list began to change as new gemstones were introduced and others were phased out.
The 1870 version, as noted in the Gem Rock Auctions source, assigned turquoise as December’s birthstone, based on Tiffany & Co.’s "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet. In 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now the Jewellers of America) standardized the list to include turquoise as the primary December birthstone, with lapis lazuli as an alternative. By 1952, zircon—especially the blue variety—was added to the list by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and in 2002, tanzanite was officially recognized as a December birthstone.
This evolution highlights the dynamic nature of birthstone traditions and how they reflect the cultural, commercial, and geological interests of different eras.
December Birthstones: A List and Their Historical Context
| Gemstone | First Official Recognition | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | 1870 (Tiffany & Co.) | Long revered for its protective and spiritual properties |
| Lapis Lazuli | 1912 (Jewellers of America) | Associated with wisdom and royalty |
| Zircon | 1952 (Jewelry Industry Council of America) | Known for its brilliance and ancient origins |
| Tanzanite | 2002 (GIA & CIBJO) | Discovered in 1967, marketed as a modern gem |
| Blue Topaz | Modern addition | Widely used in jewelry for its affordability and beauty |
The inclusion of multiple stones for one month is unusual. It is attributed to the desire to provide a range of options in terms of color, price, and symbolism. As one source notes, December has multiple birthstones to offer a variety of choices in color, price, and personal meaning. This diversity caters to different tastes and histories, making it a particularly rich month in the birthstone tradition.
The Geological and Physical Properties of December Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones has unique chemical compositions, hardness levels, and refractive properties, which influence their use in jewelry and their care requirements.
Turquoise
- Chemical Formula: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 5–6
- Color: Blue to green, with matrix patterns
- Origin: Formed in arid regions, often in the presence of copper and aluminum
- Sources: United States (Arizona, Nevada), Egypt, China, and Iran
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral that forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. Its softness and porous nature mean it requires gentle cleaning and protection from harsh chemicals and excessive heat.
Lapis Lazuli
- Chemical Composition: A rock, not a single mineral, primarily composed of lazurite, sodalite, and pyrite
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 5–6
- Color: Deep blue with golden pyrite flecks
- Origin: Formed under high-pressure conditions in metamorphic rock
- Sources: Afghanistan (historically the most significant), Chile, Russia, and Canada
Lapis lazuli was prized in ancient Egypt and the Minoan civilization for its use in jewelry and ceremonial objects. It is valued for its rich blue color, often associated with wisdom and truth.
Zircon
- Chemical Formula: ZrSiO₄
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6–7.5
- Color: Naturally colorless to yellow; blue, red, and green are heat-treated
- Origin: Found in igneous and metamorphic rocks
- Sources: Tanzania, Brazil, Cambodia, and Myanmar
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4.4 billion years. It is known for its high refractive index and fire, making it a popular alternative to diamond in jewelry.
Tanzanite
- Chemical Formula: Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6–7
- Color: Blue to violet, with pleochroism (multiple colors in different light)
- Origin: Discovered in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania
- Sources: Only found in Tanzania
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral that exhibits strong pleochroism, meaning it shows different colors depending on the angle of light. It was marketed as a modern gemstone with a unique, elegant hue that quickly gained popularity.
Blue Topaz
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₆
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Color: Colorless naturally; blue achieved through irradiation and heat treatment
- Origin: Found in igneous rocks
- Sources: Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States
Blue topaz is one of the most affordable blue gemstones, making it a popular choice for jewelry. Its high hardness and durability make it ideal for everyday wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each December birthstone carries its own set of symbolic and spiritual meanings, often rooted in ancient traditions, cultural practices, and modern interpretations.
Turquoise
- Symbolism: Protection, good fortune, and communication
- Metaphysical Beliefs:
- Known as the “Stone of Heaven” in ancient Egypt and the “Turquoise of the Sky” in China
- Used by Native American tribes for healing, protection, and spiritual guidance
- Believed to enhance communication and emotional balance
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection, especially during travel. It is also associated with healing properties, particularly for the throat and respiratory system.
Lapis Lazuli
- Symbolism: Wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight
- Metaphysical Beliefs:
- Used by ancient Egyptian pharaohs and Roman senators as a stone of royalty and intellect
- Known for stimulating the mind, enhancing clarity, and encouraging self-awareness
- Often used in meditation for spiritual growth and inner peace
Lapis lazuli is a stone of the third eye chakra, making it ideal for those seeking higher consciousness and inner truth.
Zircon
- Symbolism: Transformation, resilience, and spiritual awakening
- Metaphysical Beliefs:
- Known as the “Star of the Night” due to its brilliant fire and sparkling light
- Believed to enhance intuition, clear mental blocks, and bring emotional balance
- Associated with ancient wisdom due to its age and geological history
Zircon is particularly useful for those undergoing major life transitions, as it is said to support clarity and confidence.
Tanzanite
- Symbolism: Change, compassion, and emotional healing
- Metaphysical Beliefs:
- Known as the “Stone of Transformation” due to its vibrant blue-violet color
- Used in emotional healing, releasing old patterns, and accepting change
- Encourages empathy, forgiveness, and compassion
Tanzanite is often recommended for those going through emotional upheaval or personal growth, as it is believed to help process and release emotions.
Blue Topaz
- Symbolism: Calm, serenity, and mental clarity
- Metaphysical Beliefs:
- Known as the “Stone of Peace” and the “Stone of Wisdom”
- Promotes inner peace, emotional stability, and mental focus
- Used to calm the mind, reduce anxiety, and enhance communication
Blue topaz is particularly useful for those seeking inner calm and mental clarity, especially in stressful situations.
Choosing and Caring for December Birthstone Jewelry
When choosing a December birthstone, consider personal preferences, budget, and intended use. For everyday wear, blue topaz and zircon are excellent choices due to their durability and affordability. For special occasions or heirloom pieces, tanzanite and turquoise offer unique beauty and cultural significance.
Care and Maintenance Tips
| Gemstone | Recommended Cleaning Method | Storage Tips |
|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Gently wipe with a soft cloth and mild soap | Store in a dry, cool place away from sunlight |
| Lapis Lazuli | Gently wipe with a soft cloth and mild soap | Avoid exposure to chemicals and extreme temperatures |
| Zircon | Use a soft brush and mild soap | Store in a separate compartment to avoid scratches |
| Tanzanite | Use a soft brush and mild soap | Avoid exposure to sunlight to prevent fading |
| Blue Topaz | Use a soft brush and mild soap | Store in a secure jewelry box |
Proper care ensures that these gemstones remain beautiful and vibrant for years to come.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a unique and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own geological properties, historical significance, and metaphysical meanings. From the protective and communicative power of turquoise to the transformative energy of tanzanite and the brilliant fire of zircon, these stones reflect the rich traditions and evolving tastes in gemology.
Whether you are a jewelry buyer, a gemstone enthusiast, or a student of history and culture, December’s birthstones provide a fascinating glimpse into the interplay between nature, culture, and human belief. As the final month of the year, December is a fitting time to reflect on the beauty and meaning of these extraordinary gemstones.