March is a month of transition, and its birthstones reflect this duality. While many months are associated with a single gemstone, March is uniquely linked to two distinct stones: Aquamarine and Bloodstone. These gemstones represent a fascinating contrast—Aquamarine with its serene, oceanic hues symbolizing calm and clarity, and Bloodstone, with its deep green and red flecks, embodying strength and vitality. Together, they offer March-born individuals a rich selection of options that not only showcase the diversity of the natural world but also carry deep historical and symbolic significance.
This article delves into the characteristics, history, and cultural meanings of both the aquamarine and bloodstone gemstones. We explore their geological formation, gemological properties, and the symbolic roles they have played in various cultures throughout history. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meaning behind these stones, this in-depth exploration will illuminate the unique qualities that make these March birthstones so special.
History and Lore
The history of March’s birthstones is as varied as their colors. While aquamarine is now the more widely recognized modern March birthstone, bloodstone was traditionally associated with the month and held an important place in ancient traditions and beliefs.
Bloodstone: The Original March Birthstone
Bloodstone, also known as Heliotrope, was once the sole representative of March. Its name derives from the Greek word helios (sun) and tropos (turning), a reference to its reddish-brown flecks that resemble drops of blood. Historically, bloodstone was believed to possess protective and healing powers. It was thought to stop bleeding and was often carried by warriors and hunters as a talisman for protection and courage.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was associated with Saints and martyrs, particularly the apostle Peter, and was believed to be infused with the blood of Christ. As a result, it was considered a sacred stone in Christian traditions. Its deep green background and crimson flecks made it a symbol of life, vitality, and endurance.
Despite its rich history and symbolic value, bloodstone’s use as a birthstone began to decline in the 19th and 20th centuries as aquamarine gained popularity. This shift was partly due to the increased availability and affordability of aquamarine, especially as large deposits in Brazil and Madagascar were discovered.
Aquamarine: The Modern March Birthstone
Aquamarine, a member of the beryl family, has a much longer history and has been revered since ancient times. The name aquamarine comes from the Latin aqua (water) and marina (of the sea), a fitting name for a gemstone that resembles the ocean in color. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed that aquamarine was a gift from the sea gods and that it could protect sailors and ensure safe passage across the waters.
One of the most notable historical references to aquamarine is its use in engagement rings and anniversaries. It is traditionally associated with the 19th wedding anniversary, where it symbolizes enduring love and calmness in a relationship. In the Middle Ages, it was also thought to protect against poisoning and to promote calm and clarity of mind.
Aquamarine’s transition to being the primary March birthstone was formalized in the 20th century, particularly by the National Association of Jewelers (NAJ), now known as the Jewelers of America. This organization updated the birthstone calendar to reflect changes in consumer preferences and the availability of gemstones. Aquamarine’s widespread appeal, combined with its durability and beauty, made it a natural choice to represent the month of March.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of aquamarine and bloodstone provides insight into why these gemstones are so unique and valuable. Their formation processes and the locations where they are found contribute to their rarity and beauty.
Aquamarine: A Product of Beryl
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, which is a beryllium aluminum silicate (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆). Its blue-green color is due to the presence of iron (Fe) within its crystal lattice. The intensity of the color can vary depending on the concentration of iron and the specific conditions under which the gemstone formed.
Aquamarine typically forms in granite pegmatites, which are igneous rocks that cool slowly, allowing large, well-formed crystals to develop. These environments are rich in water and gases, which facilitate the growth of beryl and other minerals. Some of the most important sources of aquamarine include:
- Brazil: Known for producing some of the finest aquamarine, especially the Santa Maria aquamarine, which is prized for its light blue color and clarity.
- Madagascar: A major source of aquamarine, known for producing both light and dark blue varieties.
- Nigeria: Also a significant producer, particularly of high-quality aquamarine suitable for jewelry.
- United States: Aquamarine is found in pegmatites in North Carolina, particularly in the Spruce Pine area.
The largest aquamarine ever found, the Dom Pedro Aquamarine, weighs over 10,000 carats and is currently displayed at the Smithsonian Institution. This extraordinary find highlights the potential size and beauty of aquamarine crystals.
Bloodstone: A Variety of Jasper
Bloodstone is a type of jasper, which is a microcrystalline quartz (SiO₂) rock. Its deep green color is due to the presence of chlorite or actinolite, while the red flecks are caused by iron oxide. The combination of these minerals gives bloodstone its distinctive appearance and hardness.
Bloodstone is typically formed through the hydrothermal process, where silica-rich fluids deposit in cracks and voids in rocks. Over time, these fluids cool and harden, forming jasper and other chalcedony varieties. Bloodstone is found in several countries, including:
- India: One of the most important sources, particularly in the state of Rajasthan.
- Brazil: Known for producing high-quality bloodstone with strong color contrast.
- United States: Bloodstone can be found in the state of Nevada, where it is often mined as a byproduct of other mineral extraction.
The durability of bloodstone, which has a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, makes it suitable for carving and polishing, which has contributed to its use in jewelry and decorative objects throughout history.
Gemological Properties
A gemstone's physical and optical properties determine its value, durability, and suitability for jewelry. Aquamarine and bloodstone each have distinct characteristics that make them unique and desirable.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is one of the most durable gemstones used in jewelry, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5–8, making it resistant to scratches and suitable for everyday wear. It is also relatively tough, with minimal cleavage, so it is less prone to chipping or breaking.
- Color: Ranges from pale blue to deep blue, with some stones exhibiting a greenish tint. The most valuable aquamarines are those with a light blue color that resembles the sky.
- Clarity: Aquamarine is typically eye-clean or has only minor inclusions, which are natural and do not affect its beauty or durability.
- Refractive Index (RI): 1.56–1.60, with a birefringence of 0.005–0.009, which can cause a slight doubling effect when viewed through the stone.
- Cut: Aquamarine is commonly cut in round, oval, emerald, and princess cuts, depending on the shape of the rough crystal and the desired aesthetic.
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy) luster, which gives it a bright, sparkling appearance when polished.
- Optical Phenomena: Aquamarine exhibits pleochroism, meaning that its color can appear slightly different depending on the angle from which it is viewed. A stone may appear blue, green, or even colorless in certain orientations.
These properties make aquamarine a popular choice for rings, pendants, and earrings, especially in designs that emphasize its clarity and brilliance.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone, while not as hard as aquamarine, is still suitable for jewelry due to its moderate hardness and toughness.
- Color: A deep green background with red flecks that resemble drops of blood. The intensity of the green and the contrast with the red spots can vary depending on the source.
- Clarity: Bloodstone is usually opaque or semi-opaque, with visible inclusions that are part of its natural character.
- Refractive Index (RI): 1.54–1.55, with a low birefringence that makes it appear relatively uniform.
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, which is sufficient for most types of jewelry, though it is less resistant to scratches than aquamarine.
- Luster: Waxy to dull when unpolished, but it can be highly polished to a smooth, glassy finish.
- Cleavage: No cleavage, which means it is less prone to breaking under pressure.
- Durability: Bloodstone is relatively tough and stable, though it can be sensitive to harsh chemicals and high heat.
Bloodstone is often cut in cabochon form to enhance its color and minimize the risk of damage, making it ideal for pendants, rings with protective settings, and carved figurines.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Gemstones have long been associated with symbolic and spiritual meanings. While these beliefs are not scientifically proven, they continue to influence how people perceive and use gemstones in their daily lives.
Aquamarine: The Stone of Calm and Communication
Aquamarine is often associated with calmness, communication, and emotional balance. It is believed to help the wearer remain level-headed in difficult situations and to enhance clarity of thought. In some traditions, it is considered a stone of truth, helping individuals express their thoughts and feelings honestly.
In terms of spiritual healing, aquamarine is said to have a soothing energy that promotes inner peace and emotional healing. It is also believed to aid in overcoming fears, particularly those related to the unknown or change. Some practitioners of crystal healing use aquamarine to support the Throat Chakra, which governs communication and self-expression.
Bloodstone: The Stone of Strength and Vitality
Bloodstone is often associated with strength, courage, and vitality. It is believed to help the wearer overcome challenges and to instill a sense of determination and resilience. In some traditions, it is used to boost energy levels and to support physical health, particularly in relation to the circulatory system.
Bloodstone is also associated with grounding energy, helping to center the mind and body. It is believed to encourage honesty and integrity, making it a popular choice for those seeking to improve their relationships or to make important life decisions.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was considered a protective stone, especially for warriors and travelers. It was thought to ward off danger and illness, and to bring good fortune in battle or on long journeys.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. The following guidelines are based on the physical properties of aquamarine and bloodstone.
Aquamarine
- Cleaning: Aquamarine can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. A jewelry ultrasonic cleaner is also safe to use, as the gemstone is durable and resistant to water.
- Avoid: Exposure to harsh chemicals, such as bleach or ammonia, which can damage the stone or its setting. High heat should also be avoided, as it can cause the stone to lose its color or become brittle.
- Storage: Store aquamarine separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It can be kept in a soft cloth pouch or a jewelry box with individual compartments.
Bloodstone
- Cleaning: Bloodstone can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is not recommended to use an ultrasonic cleaner, as the vibrations may cause the stone to crack or lose its polish.
- Avoid: Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight or heat, which can cause the color to fade or become uneven. Bloodstone is also sensitive to chemicals, so it should be removed before using household cleaners or cosmetics.
- Storage: Bloodstone should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent moisture from causing discoloration or damage. It is best to store it separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratching.
Conclusion
The March birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—represent a fascinating combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Aquamarine, with its serene blue tones and association with calm and communication, offers a sense of peace and clarity. Bloodstone, with its deep green and red flecks, embodies strength, vitality, and protection.
These gemstones have been cherished for centuries, not only for their aesthetic appeal but also for their symbolic meanings and spiritual properties. Whether used in jewelry, meditation, or as a meaningful gift, aquamarine and bloodstone continue to capture the imagination of gemstone enthusiasts around the world.
Understanding the geological, historical, and cultural significance of these stones allows us to appreciate their value in both a scientific and personal context. As we continue to explore the world of gemstones, aquamarine and bloodstone stand as enduring reminders of the beauty and mystery of the natural world.