July is one of the few months in the calendar that boast two official birthstones: the vibrant ruby and the elegant onyx. These gemstones have long held a place in both cultural and gemological significance, and their dual designation reflects the complexity and richness of the month’s symbolism. While ruby is the more widely recognized and celebrated of the two, onyx offers a contrasting but equally compelling narrative, embodying strength and resilience.
This article explores the gemological properties, historical significance, and cultural associations of both the ruby and the onyx. From their geological origins and market presence to their role in jewelry and symbolic meaning, we will uncover what makes these two stones essential to the identity of July and its birthstone tradition.
History and Lore
Ruby: The King of Precious Stones
Ruby, derived from the Latin word ruber meaning “red,” has long been revered as one of the most valuable and sought-after gemstones in the world. Known as the “king of precious stones” in ancient India, ruby was highly prized for its rarity, hardness (second only to diamond), and its deep, passionate red hue. It was believed to possess mystical powers, symbolizing vitality, courage, and protection from danger.
In many ancient cultures, ruby was associated with life force and vitality. In medieval Europe, it was believed to bring health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Burmese warriors wore rubies in battle, believing them to grant invincibility. The gemstone was also thought to have the ability to predict misfortune, and some historical accounts suggest that it could cure inflammatory diseases and soothe anger.
Ruby has also played a role in religious and spiritual traditions. In Hinduism, ruby is associated with the Sun and is considered a stone of divine power. In some ancient texts, ruby was believed to bring longevity and was used in royal regalia as a symbol of power and sovereignty.
Ruby is also traditionally given as a gift for the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, symbolizing enduring love and commitment.
Onyx: The Stone of Strength and Resilience
In contrast to the vibrant ruby, the onyx is a deep, dark gemstone that has been associated with strength, protection, and emotional balance. While it is often overlooked in comparison to ruby, onyx holds its own unique place in the history of gemstones and birthstone traditions.
Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is often found in bands of alternating color, most commonly black and white, though other colors such as red, blue, or green can also appear. The black onyx, in particular, is associated with grounding, protection, and emotional stability. In ancient times, onyx was worn by warriors and leaders for its supposed ability to increase courage and provide protection in battle.
While onyx is not as widely recognized in modern birthstone lore as ruby, it has been historically linked to the month of July in several cultures. It is considered an alternative July birthstone and is often presented as a more personal or unconventional choice. Onyx is believed to absorb negative energy, offering a sense of calm and clarity to its wearer. It is also associated with the concept of balance, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional resilience and inner strength.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby: A Product of Intense Geological Conditions
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What distinguishes ruby from other corundum varieties, such as sapphire, is the presence of trace amounts of chromium, which gives it its characteristic red color. The more chromium present in the crystal structure, the stronger the red hue.
Rubies are typically formed under intense geological conditions, such as high pressure and high temperature deep within the Earth’s crust. These conditions allow the aluminum oxide to crystallize into corundum. When chromium is present during this process, the resulting gemstone becomes a ruby.
The finest rubies are often found in Myanmar (formerly Burma), which has been a primary source of high-quality rubies for centuries. Other notable ruby-producing regions include Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, and Madagascar. The term “pigeon’s blood” is often used to describe the most valuable and sought-after rubies, characterized by their deep red color with a slight purple undertone.
Onyx: A Quartz-Based Stone Formed in Sedimentary Layers
Onyx is a form of chalcedony, which is itself a type of microcrystalline quartz. It is composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and is typically found in sedimentary rock layers. Onyx is formed over long periods of time as silica-rich water deposits into cavities or cracks in the rock, gradually building up layers of quartz.
The most common form of onyx is the black onyx, which is often dyed to enhance or standardize its color. The natural black onyx is relatively rare, making it a more valuable and sought-after variant. White onyx, which is often used in jewelry and decorative items, is also popular for its smooth, clean appearance.
Onyx is found in various parts of the world, including India, Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. Brazil is one of the largest producers of onyx, particularly for the jewelry industry. The stone is often cut and polished to showcase its smooth surface and contrasting bands of color.
Gemological Properties
Ruby: A Durable and Radiant Gemstone
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones in the world, ranking a 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This high hardness makes it extremely durable and suitable for use in a wide variety of jewelry, including rings, earrings, and pendants. Its refractive index ranges from 1.76 to 1.78, giving it a brilliant and fiery appearance when properly cut and polished.
The most valuable rubies are those that exhibit a deep red color with a slight purple hue, often referred to as “pigeon’s blood” in the trade. This color is highly desirable and commands premium prices in the market. Rubies can also vary in clarity, with the most valuable stones being those that are free of inclusions or have only minor, undetectable inclusions.
Ruby is also known for its pleochroism, which means it can appear different colors when viewed from different angles. This property is more pronounced in rubies with a higher concentration of chromium.
Onyx: A Durable and Grounding Stone
Onyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than many other gemstones but less so than ruby. It is relatively easy to cut and polish, which makes it a popular choice for jewelry and decorative items. Onyx has a refractive index of approximately 1.48 to 1.53, which gives it a smooth, glassy appearance.
The most common treatment applied to onyx is dyeing, which is used to enhance or standardize its color. Natural black onyx is relatively rare, so much of the onyx available in the market is dyed to achieve a uniform black color. White onyx is also often dyed or treated to create contrasting patterns.
Onyx is generally free of inclusions and has a smooth, even texture, making it easy to work with. It is often used in cabochon form for pendants, rings, and bracelets, where its smooth surface and contrasting colors can be showcased.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ruby: The Stone of Passion and Power
Ruby has long been associated with passion, love, and vitality. In many cultures, it is considered a symbol of the heart and is believed to enhance the emotional and physical well-being of the wearer. Ancient Indian texts describe ruby as a stone of life force and divine power, often used in royal regalia and sacred rituals.
In medieval Europe, ruby was believed to have the power to predict danger and protect the wearer from harm. Some sources suggest that it could also cure inflammatory diseases and soothe anger. Burmese warriors wore rubies in battle, believing them to grant invincibility.
Ruby is also associated with the zodiac sign of Cancer and is believed to enhance emotional stability and compassion. It is said to bring confidence, courage, and motivation, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their personal power and assertiveness.
Onyx: The Stone of Strength and Emotional Balance
Onyx is often associated with strength, protection, and emotional balance. It is believed to help the wearer remain grounded and centered, even in the face of adversity. In ancient times, onyx was worn by warriors and leaders for its supposed ability to increase courage and provide protection in battle.
Onyx is also considered a stone of emotional resilience, helping the wearer to manage stress, anxiety, and negative emotions. It is believed to absorb negative energy and provide a sense of calm and clarity. This makes it a popular choice for those who are seeking emotional stability or who are dealing with challenging life situations.
In some cultures, onyx is associated with the concept of balance and is used to promote harmony between the physical and spiritual aspects of the self. It is also believed to enhance discipline, willpower, and self-control, making it a valuable tool for personal growth and development.
Care and Cleaning
Ruby: Durable and Easy to Clean
Due to its high hardness and durability, ruby is relatively easy to care for and can be cleaned using standard jewelry cleaning methods. It is recommended to clean ruby jewelry with warm, soapy water and a soft-bristle brush to remove dirt and debris. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as they can damage the gemstone or its setting.
Rubies can also be cleaned using steam cleaners or ultrasonic cleaners, as long as they are not treated with certain enhancements such as lattice diffusion or fracture filling. These treatments can be sensitive to certain cleaning methods, so it is important to consult with a professional jeweler before using these techniques.
It is also important to store ruby jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and damage. A soft cloth or jewelry box with individual compartments is ideal for storing ruby pieces.
Onyx: Sensitive to Chemicals and Heat
Onyx is generally easy to clean, but it is sensitive to certain chemicals and heat. It should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth or mild soap and warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals, acids, or abrasive cleaners, as they can damage the stone's surface.
Onyx should also be kept away from high heat, as it can cause the stone to crack or lose its color. It is best to store onyx jewelry in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and other gemstones that could scratch its surface.
If onyx has been dyed or treated to enhance its color, it is important to avoid any cleaning methods that could remove or fade the treatment. A professional jeweler can provide guidance on the best way to clean and care for treated onyx.
Conclusion
The July birthstones, ruby and onyx, offer a fascinating contrast in both appearance and symbolism. Ruby, with its deep red color and fiery brilliance, has long been associated with passion, vitality, and power. It is a gemstone of strength and courage, revered across cultures and centuries.
Onyx, on the other hand, presents a more grounding and stabilizing energy. Its smooth, dark surface and association with strength and emotional balance make it a valuable alternative to ruby for those who prefer a more subdued and resilient gemstone.
Together, ruby and onyx reflect the dual nature of July and its birthstone tradition—offering a choice that can suit a wide range of personalities, styles, and beliefs. Whether you choose the vibrant ruby or the elegant onyx, you are embracing a gemstone with a rich history and a meaningful legacy.