December, the final month of the year, is adorned with a unique distinction in the world of birthstones. Unlike other months that typically feature a single gemstone, December boasts a collection of several gemstones, each with its own distinct properties, historical significance, and cultural resonance. These include Turquoise, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Lapis Lazuli—each representing a different facet of December's symbolic essence. This article delves into the gemological properties, historical and cultural meanings, and modern relevance of these December birthstones, providing a comprehensive guide for enthusiasts, collectors, and jewelry connoisseurs.
Introduction
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient times, with early civilizations associating specific gemstones with the months of the year and zodiac signs. These associations were often rooted in the belief that gemstones held protective or healing powers and could influence one’s destiny. In the case of December, the gemstones assigned have evolved significantly over time, reflecting the changing dynamics of gemology, culture, and commerce.
Today, December is associated with a rich diversity of gemstones: Turquoise, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Lapis Lazuli. Each of these stones brings a unique color, composition, and history to the month. While some of these gemstones are relatively modern additions to the birthstone list, others have roots in ancient traditions and have been revered for centuries.
This article explores the historical origins, geological properties, metaphysical meanings, and cultural symbolism of December’s birthstones. It also provides insights into jewelry applications, care and maintenance, and the modern significance of these stones in contemporary gemology and fashion.
History and Lore
The practice of assigning gemstones to specific months and zodiac signs has its origins in ancient texts and religious traditions. One of the earliest references to birthstones can be found in the Biblical Book of Exodus, which lists twelve gemstones as part of the High Priest's breastplate. This list, however, did not initially include December-specific stones, as the modern calendar had not yet been established.
Over time, as the Gregorian calendar became widely adopted, gemologists and jewelers began to assign gemstones to each month. The assignment of gemstones to December has undergone several changes. The earliest records from 1870 listed Turquoise as the December birthstone. By 1912, the list expanded to include Lapis Lazuli as an alternative. In 1952, Zircon, particularly Blue Zircon, was added, and in 2002, Tanzanite was officially recognized as a December birthstone.
This evolution reflects both the discovery of new gemstones and the growing appreciation for the diversity of colors and properties available in the gem world. The addition of Blue Topaz to the list in modern times further enriches the options available for December-born individuals.
The cultural significance of these gemstones is equally rich. Turquoise, for instance, has been used by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans for its protective qualities. Lapis Lazuli was associated with royalty and wisdom, especially in Ancient Egypt, where it was ground into pigment for royal artifacts. Tanzanite, the youngest of the December birthstones, is unique in that it is found only in Tanzania, making it a symbol of rarity and exclusivity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of a gemstone is essential for appreciating its rarity and beauty. Each December birthstone forms under specific conditions and is found in distinct geographic locations.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral composed of copper and aluminum. It forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits, typically in arid regions where water percolates through the earth and reacts with the minerals. The blue-green color of turquoise is due to the presence of copper, while iron contributes to its greenish tones.
Significant sources of turquoise include Iran, China, Nevada (USA), and Mexico. Historically, Nevada was a major source of high-quality turquoise, especially for Native American jewelry. However, due to overmining and environmental concerns, many mines have been closed or restricted.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is a variety of the topaz mineral that has been enhanced to produce its characteristic blue color. Natural topaz is typically colorless, and the blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment.
Topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. It forms in pegmatite deposits, where magma cools slowly and allows for the formation of large crystals. Blue Topaz is primarily sourced from Brazil, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Brazil, in particular, is known for producing large quantities of high-quality topaz.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral composed of calcium aluminum silicate. It is unique in that it is only found in Tanzania, specifically in the Merelani Hills near Arusha. The mineral was discovered in 1967 and was officially named tanzanite in 1969 in honor of Tanzania.
Tanzanite forms in metamorphic rocks, where intense heat and pressure transform the surrounding minerals. The blue-violet color is due to the presence of vanadium, which causes a pleochroic effect, meaning the gemstone appears different colors depending on the angle of light.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that occurs in a range of colors, from colorless to yellow, red, and blue. The blue color is achieved through heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure of the gemstone.
Blue Zircon is found in countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka. It is often confused with cubic zirconia, a synthetic gemstone, but Blue Zircon is a natural stone with a higher refractive index and greater brilliance.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It also contains calcite, sodalite, and pyrite, which contribute to its distinctive color and sparkle.
Lapis Lazuli has been mined for thousands of years in Afghanistan, which remains the most important source of high-quality lapis lazuli. Other sources include Russia, Chile, and Canada. The stone was highly valued in Ancient Egypt, where it was used in jewelry, amulets, and even mummy masks.
Gemological Properties
Each of December’s birthstones has distinct gemological properties, including hardness, refractive index, color, and clarity. These properties determine the gemstone's durability, brilliance, and suitability for different types of jewelry.
| Gemstone | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Color | Clarity | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | 5–6 | 1.61–1.65 | Blue-green | Cloudy | Opaque to Translucent |
| Blue Topaz | 8 | 1.61–1.63 | Blue | Included | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | Blue-violet (pleochroic) | Included | Transparent |
| Blue Zircon | 6–7 | 1.92–2.00 | Blue | Included | Transparent |
| Lapis Lazuli | 5–6 | 1.5–1.7 | Deep blue with white and gold | Included | Opaque |
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, which makes it prone to scratches and discoloration. It is best suited for protective settings and less abrasive environments. Blue Topaz is much harder and more durable, making it ideal for rings, earrings, and bracelets. Tanzanite, while not as hard as topaz, is still suitable for daily wear as long as it is protected from hard knocks.
Blue Zircon has a high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling brilliance similar to diamond. However, it is pleochroic, meaning it can show different colors when viewed from different angles. Lapis Lazuli, being opaque and porous, is best suited for pendants and cabochons, where its rich color and texture can be appreciated.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been believed to possess metaphysical properties that influence health, emotions, and spiritual well-being. December’s birthstones are no exception, each carrying its own set of symbolic meanings and mystical beliefs.
Turquoise
In many cultures, Turquoise is considered a stone of protection, healing, and communication. Ancient Persians used it to ward off evil spirits, while Native Americans believed it could heal wounds and promote spiritual clarity. In Chinese culture, it symbolizes good fortune and longevity.
Modern metaphysical practitioners use turquoise for emotional healing, especially for those dealing with anxiety or self-doubt. It is also believed to enhance intuition and creativity.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is associated with calmness, wisdom, and serenity. It is believed to help reduce stress and anxiety, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance. In some traditions, it is also linked to protection against negative energy.
Its cool blue color is thought to have a soothing effect on the mind and body, making it a popular choice for meditation and spiritual practices.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known for its emotional healing properties, especially in helping individuals release old emotional wounds and trauma. It is believed to enhance empathy and compassion, making it a powerful stone for healers and caregivers.
The pleochroic nature of tanzanite is said to represent the duality of life, helping individuals accept change and move forward with grace. It is also associated with spiritual awakening and heightened intuition.
Blue Zircon
Blue Zircon is known for its healing and balancing properties, particularly in the chakra system. It is believed to activate the third eye and crown chakras, promoting spiritual insight and higher consciousness. It is also used for emotional healing and protection.
Blue Zircon is said to enhance focus and mental clarity, making it a popular choice for students and professionals seeking to improve concentration and productivity.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual enlightenment. It was used by Ancient Egyptians for divination and healing, and it is still used today in spiritual practices to enhance intuition and psychic abilities.
The gold flecks in lapis lazuli are believed to represent divine inspiration, and the stone is often used for meditation, dream work, and emotional healing. It is also associated with self-expression and confidence, making it a great stone for artists and public speakers.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has different care requirements, based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to chemicals.
Turquoise
- Avoid exposure to water, oils, and lotions, as these can cause discoloration and damage.
- Store in a dry, cool place to prevent fading and cracking.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water.
- Avoid ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as they can cause damage.
Blue Topaz
- Resistant to water and chemicals, making it easy to clean.
- Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe, but avoid using them if the stone is heated or treated.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water.
- Avoid harsh abrasives, as they can scratch the surface.
Tanzanite
- Avoid exposure to direct sunlight, as it can cause fading.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water.
- Avoid ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as they can cause damage.
- Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, as they can alter the color.
Blue Zircon
- Resistant to water and chemicals, making it easy to clean.
- Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe, but avoid using them if the stone is heated or treated.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water.
- Avoid harsh abrasives, as they can scratch the surface.
Lapis Lazuli
- Avoid exposure to water, oils, and lotions, as these can cause discoloration and damage.
- Store in a dry, cool place to prevent fading and cracking.
- Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water.
- Avoid ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as they can cause damage.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Turquoise, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Lapis Lazuli—each carry a rich history, unique gemological properties, and powerful symbolic meanings. From the ancient wisdom of Lapis Lazuli to the modern elegance of Tanzanite, these gemstones offer a diverse range of options for December-born individuals.
Understanding the geological origins, historical significance, and metaphysical properties of these stones allows for a deeper appreciation of their beauty and meaning. Whether worn for fashion, healing, or spiritual purposes, December’s birthstones continue to captivate and inspire, making them a timeless addition to any gemstone collection.