December is one of the few months with four official birthstones—blue topaz, tanzanite, turquoise, and blue zircon. Each of these gemstones carries unique gemological properties, historical significance, and cultural symbolism. Of particular interest in the realm of December birthstone jewelry are earrings, which provide an elegant and wearable way to showcase these rare and beautiful stones. This article delves into the gemological properties, historical use, and cultural significance of blue topaz, tanzanite, and turquoise as birthstones—specifically in the context of earring design and wear. We will explore how these gemstones are formed, where they are sourced, and how they are incorporated into jewelry today, based on data from various retailers and jewelers.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with months of the year dates back centuries, with roots in both ancient and modern practices. While the exact origin of the birthstone tradition is unclear, it is often linked to the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Old Testament (Exodus 28:15–30), which featured 12 stones representing the 12 tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones were associated with the 12 months of the year, forming the basis of the modern birthstone calendar.
In the case of December, the selection of multiple gemstones reflects the diversity of materials available in different historical periods and regions. Blue topaz, for example, has been a popular choice in modern times due to its vibrant color and affordability compared to rarer stones like tanzanite. Tanzanite, discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania, is one of the youngest gemstones to be added to the birthstone list. Turquoise, on the other hand, has been cherished for millennia, with archaeological evidence of its use in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Americas.
Earrings have long served as more than just decorative items; they have held symbolic and spiritual significance in many cultures. In ancient Egypt, earrings were worn by both men and women and were often set with turquoise or lapis lazuli, believed to provide protection and good fortune. In Mesoamerican cultures, turquoise inlays in ear ornaments were associated with nobility and spiritual power. The use of gemstones in earrings thus carries a legacy of meaning, making December birthstone earrings not just beautiful but also historically rich accessories.
Modern retailers and jewelers continue to honor this tradition by offering a variety of December birthstone earrings. Blue topaz, tanzanite, and turquoise are among the most popular choices, often set in gold or silver and paired with diamonds or other complementary stones to enhance their visual appeal.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the December birthstones—blue topaz, tanzanite, and turquoise—has a unique geological origin and formation process.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz, which is composed of silicic acid aluminum. The blue color in topaz is typically the result of irradiation or heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure of the stone. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, so most blue topaz available in the market today is enhanced through controlled treatments to achieve its characteristic blue hue.
Topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. However, the blue coloration is not common in all topaz deposits, and the most desirable blue topaz is often sourced from Brazil or treated in specialized laboratories.
In earring designs, blue topaz is often cut into round or oval shapes to enhance its brilliance and clarity. It is typically set in gold or silver and paired with diamonds or other gemstones to create elegant and eye-catching pieces.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively rare gemstone, and it is unique in that it is found only in one location in the world—Tanzania. Discovered in the 1960s in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, tanzanite is a form of zoisite that exhibits a striking blue to violet coloration due to trace amounts of vanadium. The stone is known for its pleochroism, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles.
Tanzanite is typically found in metamorphic rock formations and is mined using both open-pit and underground methods. The Merelani mine, the primary source of tanzanite, is expected to deplete within the next few decades, making tanzanite an increasingly rare and valuable gemstone.
Tanzanite is often cut into cabochons or faceted stones to highlight its color and brilliance. In earring designs, it is frequently paired with gold or silver and may be accompanied by diamonds or other gemstones to create balanced and luxurious pieces.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, formed through the weathering of copper deposits in arid regions. The gemstone is typically found in veins within volcanic rock and is known for its distinctive blue to green coloration. The presence of copper gives turquoise its blue tones, while iron impurities contribute to green hues.
Historically, turquoise has been mined in regions such as Egypt, China, and the American Southwest. Today, some of the most prized turquoise comes from Iran, the United States (particularly Nevada and Arizona), and China. Turquoise is often found in small deposits and is frequently treated with dyes or resins to enhance its color and durability.
In earring designs, turquoise is typically inlaid into silver or gold settings, or it is paired with pearls or other gemstones. Its relatively soft nature (with a hardness of about 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale) requires careful setting to prevent damage during wear.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for both jewelry buyers and gemology enthusiasts. These properties influence how the stones are cut, set, and cared for, as well as their overall appearance and durability.
Blue Topaz
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(OH)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Color: Blue (rare in nature; most is enhanced)
- Refractive Index: 1.62–1.64
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Cut: Round, oval, cushion
- Treatment: Irradiation, heat treatment
Blue topaz is a relatively hard gemstone, making it suitable for everyday wear in earrings. Its high refractive index allows it to display good brilliance and fire, especially when cut with precision. The most common cuts for blue topaz earrings are round and oval, which enhance the stone's color and clarity.
Tanzanite
- Chemical Formula: CaAl₃(PO₄)₃(OH)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6–7
- Color: Blue to violet (pleochroic)
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.702
- Luster: Vitreous to greasy
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Cut: Faceted, cabochon
- Treatment: Heat treatment
Tanzanite is known for its pleochroism, which means it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property is particularly evident in faceted stones, where the interplay of light and color creates a dynamic and captivating effect. Tanzanite is often cut into cushion or oval shapes to maximize its color and brilliance.
Turquoise
- Chemical Formula: Al₂(Cu)(PO₄)₂(OH)₃·4H₂O
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 5–6
- Color: Blue to green
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65
- Luster: Waxy to greasy
- Transparency: Opaque to translucent
- Cut: Cabochon
- Treatment: Dyeing, resin impregnation
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, which means it requires careful handling and setting to avoid damage. It is typically cut into cabochons to showcase its color and texture. Due to its porosity, turquoise is often treated with dyes or resins to enhance its color and durability. In earring designs, turquoise is often set in silver or gold and may be paired with pearls or other gemstones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each December birthstone carries its own set of symbolic and metaphysical meanings, which have been passed down through history and continue to influence modern interpretations.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is often associated with calmness, clarity, and wisdom. It is believed to promote mental clarity and emotional balance, making it a popular choice for those seeking inner peace. In some traditions, blue topaz is also associated with love and friendship, symbolizing trust and loyalty.
In jewelry, blue topaz is often used to create pieces that reflect these qualities—elegant, refined, and timeless.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known as the "stone of transformation," symbolizing growth, change, and spiritual awakening. It is believed to help individuals navigate transitions in life and to foster emotional healing. In some metaphysical traditions, tanzanite is also associated with the heart and throat chakras, promoting emotional expression and communication.
As a birthstone, tanzanite is particularly meaningful for those who are undergoing significant life changes or seeking to deepen their spiritual practice.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and bring good fortune. In many cultures, it is also associated with healing, especially for physical ailments and emotional distress. In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone, often used in ceremonies and spiritual practices.
In jewelry, turquoise is often used to create pieces that reflect these protective and healing properties, making it a meaningful and powerful choice for December birthstone earrings.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstone earrings. The following guidelines are based on the physical properties of each gemstone and are intended to help owners preserve their jewelry.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a relatively durable gemstone, but it can still be damaged by harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaning agents. To clean blue topaz earrings, it is recommended to use a soft, damp cloth and warm water with mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage to the stone or its setting.
Store blue topaz jewelry separately from other pieces to prevent scratches. It is also advisable to avoid exposing blue topaz to extreme temperatures, as this can affect the stone's color and stability.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a bit more delicate than blue topaz, with a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale. It can be scratched or chipped if not handled carefully. To clean tanzanite earrings, use a soft, damp cloth and warm water with mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can dull the stone's luster or cause discoloration.
Tanzanite should also be stored separately from other jewelry to prevent scratches. It is best to keep it in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box. Avoid exposing tanzanite to direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can cause the color to fade over time.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone, making it more sensitive to damage. It can be easily scratched or chipped if not handled carefully. Additionally, it can absorb moisture and oils, which can dull its appearance over time.
To clean turquoise earrings, use a soft, damp cloth and warm water with mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. After cleaning, gently dry the stone with a soft cloth.
Turquoise should be stored separately from other jewelry to prevent scratches. It is also advisable to avoid exposing turquoise to direct sunlight or extreme temperatures, as this can cause the stone to lose its color or become brittle.
Conclusion
December birthstone earrings offer a beautiful and meaningful way to celebrate the month of December and honor its four official gemstones—blue topaz, tanzanite, turquoise, and blue zircon. Each of these gemstones has a unique geological origin, a rich history of use in jewelry and symbolism, and distinct gemological properties that make them ideal for earring designs.
Blue topaz is prized for its vibrant color and durability, making it a popular choice for everyday wear. Tanzanite, with its striking blue to violet color and pleochroism, is a rare and valuable gemstone that adds a touch of luxury to any earring design. Turquoise, with its deep blue to green hues and historical significance, is a timeless choice for those who appreciate both beauty and meaning.
When choosing December birthstone earrings, it is important to consider the gemstone's properties and care requirements to ensure that the jewelry remains beautiful and durable over time. Whether for a December birthday, an anniversary, or a special occasion, December birthstone earrings make for a meaningful and elegant gift that can be cherished for years to come.