December is a month rich in symbolism, marked by the arrival of winter and the anticipation of the new year. Among the many cultural and spiritual traditions associated with this time of year, one of the most intriguing is the concept of birthstones. For those born in December, the month is associated with a collection of gemstones—turquoise, blue zircon, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and blue topaz—each carrying its own unique history, properties, and significance.
This article explores these December birthstones in detail, covering their geological origins, historical uses, cultural symbolism, and care requirements. Drawing from authoritative sources and historical references, we will uncover how these gems have come to represent the month of December and what makes them so special to those who wear them.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months is a practice that dates back thousands of years. One of the earliest references to this belief can be found in the Book of Exodus, which describes the Breastplate of Aaron, a sacred garment worn by the High Priest of the Israelites. This breastplate was adorned with 12 gemstones, each representing one of the 12 tribes of Israel. While the exact identities of these stones remain debated, this biblical reference is often cited as the origin of the birthstone tradition.
Over time, various cultures developed their own interpretations of birthstones, linking specific gems to months of the year based on their color, properties, and perceived powers. In medieval Europe, for example, gemstones were believed to influence health, fortune, and even the elements of the natural world. By the early 20th century, the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now the Jewelers of America) formalized a standardized list of birthstones, which has since been updated to include additional options for each month.
For December, the list of birthstones has expanded from just a couple of options to include five distinct gemstones: turquoise, blue zircon, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and blue topaz. This variety allows individuals to choose a stone that best suits their personal preferences, budget, or intended use.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of December's birthstones provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and durability. Each of these gemstones forms under unique conditions, resulting in the diverse range of colors and properties we see today.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, formed through the weathering of copper deposits in arid environments. It typically forms in the presence of water, which helps to transport the necessary minerals into the rock matrix. The color of turquoise varies from deep blue to greenish-blue, depending on the amount of copper and iron present in the mineral.
The most famous sources of turquoise include Nevada, Arizona, and Mexico, particularly the Cerrillos Mine in New Mexico and the Cachalote Mine in Mexico. These mines have been producing turquoise for centuries, with the stone being highly prized by Native American tribes for its spiritual significance and aesthetic appeal.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a mineral composed of zirconium silicate and is known for its brilliant luster and high refractive index. Blue zircon, in particular, is a popular choice among gemstone enthusiasts due to its vivid color and fire-like brilliance. The blue coloration is typically the result of heat treatment, which transforms the natural brown or colorless zircon into a deep blue gemstone.
Zircon is found in a variety of locations around the world, including Australia, Cambodia, and Brazil, where it is often mined from alluvial deposits. The mineral is also one of the oldest on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years, making it a geological relic of our planet's ancient past.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a rare and relatively modern gemstone, first discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is distinguished by its striking blue to violet color. The unique coloration is due to trace amounts of vanadium, which are activated through heat treatment.
What makes tanzanite particularly special is its limited geographic source—it is only found in a small area of Tanzania, making it one of the most exclusive gemstones in the world. The gemstone's discovery in the 20th century has led to its rapid rise in popularity, especially among collectors and jewelry designers.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral, along with pyrite, which gives the stone its characteristic golden flecks. It forms under high-pressure conditions and is often found in association with other minerals such as calcite.
Historically, lapis lazuli was one of the most prized gemstones in the ancient world. It was mined as early as 6000 BCE in Afghanistan, which remains the primary source of high-quality lapis lazuli to this day. The stone was highly valued by the Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Romans, who used it in jewelry, amulets, and even as pigments for cosmetics and paints.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral known for its clarity and hardness. While it can occur in a range of colors, including yellow, orange, and pink, the blue topaz used as a December birthstone is typically created through irradiation and heat treatment of naturally occurring colorless or brown topaz.
Blue topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Mexico, and the United States, with Brazil being a major producer. The gemstone is highly durable and affordable, making it a popular choice for everyday jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of December's birthstones is essential for both collectors and jewelry buyers. These properties—such as hardness, refractive index, and specific gravity—determine how a gemstone behaves in jewelry and how it should be cared for.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Specific Gravity | Cleavage | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | 1.60–1.64 | 2.6–2.8 | None | Opaque to translucent |
| Blue Zircon | Blue | 6–7 | 1.92–2.00 | 4.6–4.7 | Poor | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | 3.3–3.4 | Poor | Transparent |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with gold flecks | 5–6 | 1.50–1.70 | 2.4–2.5 | None | Opaque |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | 1.61–1.63 | 3.4–3.5 | None | Transparent |
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. It is also porous, which means it can absorb oils and chemicals if not properly cared for. Despite its softness, turquoise is prized for its vibrant color and historical significance.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is harder than turquoise, with a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale. It has a high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling brilliance and makes it a popular alternative to diamonds. However, zircon has poor cleavage, meaning it can be prone to chipping if struck at the right angle.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is moderately hard, with a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale. It is also relatively soft, so it should be handled with care to avoid scratches. Tanzanite has a poor cleavage, which means it can be damaged if not set properly in jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock and is softer than most gemstones, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is also opaque, with visible flecks of pyrite and calcite. Lapis lazuli is often used in carvings and inlay work, rather than as a faceted gemstone.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It is also very durable, making it ideal for everyday wear. Blue topaz is transparent to translucent, and its high durability and affordability make it a popular choice for rings and pendants.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December's birthstones carries its own set of cultural and metaphysical associations, many of which have been passed down through generations.
Turquoise
In many ancient cultures, turquoise was considered a sacred stone, believed to bring protection, healing, and good fortune. The Egyptians used it in amulets and jewelry to ward off evil spirits, while the Native Americans believed it had spiritual power and was a bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds.
In modern times, turquoise is still associated with calm, protection, and positive energy. It is often used in ceremonial jewelry and is believed to promote inner peace and emotional balance.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is known for its brilliant fire and color, and in ancient times, it was believed to have magical properties. Some cultures associated it with good luck and prosperity, while others believed it could protect against negative energies and enhance spiritual awareness.
In modern metaphysical practices, blue zircon is used to enhance intuition and promote emotional clarity. It is also believed to stimulate creativity and inspire new ideas.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often associated with emotional healing and spiritual transformation. Its deep blue to violet color is said to open the heart and mind, allowing for greater emotional understanding and compassion.
In metaphysical practices, tanzanite is used to balance the chakras and promote inner harmony. It is also believed to enhance communication and foster deep emotional connections.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and royalty. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. The stone was also used in cosmetics and pigments, symbolizing beauty and power.
In modern times, lapis lazuli is still valued for its spiritual and intellectual properties. It is believed to enhance mental clarity, promote self-awareness, and encourage a deeper understanding of the self.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is often associated with calm and serenity, making it a popular stone for those seeking emotional balance and peace of mind. It is also believed to enhance communication and promote honest expression.
In modern metaphysical practices, blue topaz is used to reduce stress and anxiety, and to foster a sense of calm and optimism. It is also believed to enhance intuition and support spiritual growth.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December's birthstones. Due to their varying hardness and composition, each gemstone requires specific cleaning and handling techniques.
Turquoise
Because turquoise is porous and relatively soft, it is important to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, oils, and moisture. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and lukewarm water. It is best to store turquoise separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is harder than turquoise, but it still requires gentle cleaning. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause the gemstone to chip or become damaged.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft, with poor cleavage, so it should be handled with care. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth, but avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and sudden temperature changes.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft, opaque stone, so it requires gentle handling and cleaning. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth, but it should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is very durable, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it ideal for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth, or with steam or ultrasonic cleaners.
Conclusion
December's birthstones—turquoise, blue zircon, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and blue topaz—represent a rich and diverse collection of gemstones, each with its own unique history, properties, and symbolism. From the ancient world to the modern age, these stones have been cherished for their beauty, rarity, and spiritual significance.
Whether you choose a vibrant blue topaz for its durability and affordability, a deep blue tanzanite for its rarity and mystique, or a traditional turquoise for its spiritual power, each December birthstone offers a meaningful connection to the past and a beautiful expression of individuality.
By understanding the geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of these stones, we can appreciate not only their physical beauty but also the deep stories they carry. As fine jewelry, December's birthstones are more than just adornments—they are windows into history, symbols of personal meaning, and expressions of timeless artistry.