Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Narcissus: The December Birthstone and Flower

December is a month rich in symbolism, marked not only by the winter season but also by the enchanting beauty of its birthstones and birth flowers. The December birthstones include Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon, with Blue Topaz serving as an alternative. The December birth flowers are the Narcissus (often known as the Daffodil) and the Poinsettia. Together, these gemstones and flowers carry a rich tapestry of historical, cultural, and symbolic significance.

This article explores the December birthstones and flowers in detail, focusing on their history, gemological properties, cultural meanings, and how they have become integral parts of December’s identity. The primary gemstone under focus here is Turquoise, which has been cherished for millennia and continues to be a symbol of protection, prosperity, and connection to the natural world.


History and Lore

Turquoise: A Stone of Ancient Reverence

Turquoise has been mined and prized for over 6,000 years, with some of the earliest known turquoise artifacts found in ancient Egyptian tombs dating back to 3000 BCE. The ancient Egyptians called turquoise mefkat, a term that conveys “joy” and “delight.” Turquoise was considered a symbol of status and prosperity, often used in royal jewelry and religious artifacts. It was believed to have protective and healing properties, making it a favored stone among the elite.

In Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, turquoise was also highly valued. Persian turquoise from Iran was especially sought after and traded extensively during the 13th century BCE. This vivid “Persian blue” turquoise is still considered among the most coveted varieties today.

The stone's name comes from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “stone of Turkey.” This name was given when turquoise was introduced to Europe via Turkish bazaars, despite the fact that the stone was actually mined in Persia (modern-day Iran) and Egypt.

Throughout history, turquoise has been used in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects across various cultures, including Native American, Chinese, and Mughal traditions. It has been believed to bring good fortune, wisdom, and protection from harm. In Native American cultures, particularly among the Navajo and Zuni tribes, turquoise is considered a spiritual stone, often incorporated into jewelry to attract positive energy and harmony.


Geological Formation and Sources

Formation of Turquoise

Turquoise is a phosphate mineral formed through a complex process involving the weathering of copper and aluminum-rich rocks, typically in arid environments. It is commonly found in hydrothermal veins and in the oxidized zones of copper deposits.

The formation of turquoise requires the presence of copper, aluminum, phosphorus, and water. It is often associated with volcanic activity, as the mineral forms in porous rocks that have been exposed to water rich in these elements. Over time, the water deposits copper and aluminum, which combine to form the beautiful blue-green hues characteristic of turquoise.

The color of turquoise can vary from light blue to deep green, depending on the proportions of copper and iron in the stone. The presence of iron tends to give the stone a greener hue, while copper enhances the blue tones.

Mining Locations

Historically, the most important sources of turquoise have been in the Middle East and North Africa, particularly in Iran and Egypt. However, today, the most significant deposits are found in the United States, especially in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Colorado.

  • New Mexico is known for producing high-quality turquoise, particularly from the Cerrillos and Blue Gem mines.
  • Arizona is another major source, with notable deposits in the Morenci and Bisbee areas.
  • Nevada and Colorado also contribute to the turquoise market, although their stones are often lighter in color and less vibrant than those from New Mexico.

Other notable sources include China, Afghanistan, and Mexico, where turquoise is also mined for both jewelry and decorative purposes.


Gemological Properties

Chemical Composition and Structure

Turquoise is a trigonal mineral with the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. It is a phosphate mineral composed of copper, aluminum, phosphorus, oxygen, and water molecules. This unique composition gives turquoise its characteristic blue-green color and porous texture.

The mineral is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it more susceptible to scratches and abrasion than harder gemstones like diamonds or sapphires. Due to its porosity, turquoise is often treated with oils or resins to enhance its color and durability.

Color and Clarity

The color of turquoise can range from light blue to deep green, depending on the proportions of copper and iron in the stone. The presence of iron tends to give the stone a greener hue, while copper enhances the blue tones.

The clarity of turquoise is generally not as important as in other gemstones, as the stone is typically opaque and does not display internal inclusions in the same way that transparent stones like diamonds or emeralds do. However, the presence of matrix (the surrounding rock) can affect the aesthetic appeal of the stone.

Cut and Carat

Turquoise is commonly cut into cabochons, which are smooth, rounded stones without facets. This cut enhances the stone’s color and minimizes the risk of damage. It is rarely cut into faceted stones due to its softness and porosity.

The carat weight of turquoise is generally not a significant factor, as the stone is rarely found in large sizes and is often used in small pieces of jewelry such as rings, earrings, and pendants.


Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs

Cultural and Historical Symbolism

Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with a wide range of symbolic meanings. In ancient Egypt, it was a symbol of prosperity and protection, often used in jewelry and amulets. In Mesopotamia, it was believed to have healing properties and was used in religious and ceremonial contexts.

In Native American cultures, particularly among the Navajo and Zuni tribes, turquoise is considered a spiritual stone that promotes harmony, protection, and positive energy. It is often used in ceremonial jewelry and amulets to attract good fortune and ward off negative influences.

In Chinese culture, turquoise is associated with longevity and health. It was often used in imperial jewelry and amulets to protect the wearer from illness and misfortune.

Modern Metaphysical Beliefs

In modern gemology and New Age metaphysics, turquoise is believed to have several positive properties. It is often associated with healing, protection, and spiritual growth. Some of the key metaphysical properties attributed to turquoise include:

  • Emotional healing: Turquoise is believed to help calm the mind and reduce stress, making it a popular stone for those dealing with anxiety or emotional distress.
  • Protection: Turquoise is often used as a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energies and promote positive thoughts.
  • Spiritual growth: Turquoise is associated with spiritual awareness and intuition, helping the wearer connect with their higher self and enhance their spiritual journey.
  • Communication: Turquoise is believed to enhance communication and self-expression, making it a popular stone for speakers, writers, and artists.

These beliefs have contributed to the continued popularity of turquoise in modern jewelry and spiritual practices.


Care and Cleaning

Cleaning and Maintenance

Due to its softness and porosity, turquoise requires special care to maintain its beauty and durability. Here are some practical tips for cleaning and maintaining turquoise jewelry:

  • Avoid harsh chemicals: Turquoise should not be cleaned with harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone and strip away its color.
  • Use a soft cloth: To clean turquoise, use a soft, damp cloth to gently wipe the surface. This helps remove dirt and oils without damaging the stone.
  • Avoid abrasive materials: Do not use abrasive materials or scrubbing agents, as these can scratch the surface of the stone.
  • Store properly: Store turquoise jewelry in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and other gemstones. This helps prevent damage and fading.

Wearing and Handling

When wearing turquoise jewelry, it is important to avoid exposing it to harsh environments. For example:

  • Avoid wearing turquoise in water: Prolonged exposure to water, especially chlorinated or salt water, can damage the stone and cause it to lose its color.
  • Avoid wearing turquoise during physical activities: Due to its softness, turquoise is susceptible to scratches and abrasion, so it is best to avoid wearing it during activities that may cause impact or friction.

By following these simple care and maintenance tips, turquoise jewelry can be preserved for generations, allowing its beauty and symbolic significance to be enjoyed by many.


Conclusion

December is a month of wonder and symbolism, marked by the enchanting beauty of its birthstones and birth flowers. The December birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon, with Blue Topaz as an alternative—each carry their own unique history, gemological properties, and cultural significance. The December birth flowers—Narcissus and Poinsettia—add to the rich symbolism of the month, representing hope, renewal, and the promise of new beginnings.

Among these, Turquoise stands out as a gemstone of ancient reverence, cherished for its stunning blue-green color and its powerful symbolism. From the ancient tombs of Egypt to the ceremonial jewelry of Native American tribes, turquoise has played a significant role in human history and culture. Its soft yet vibrant appearance, combined with its metaphysical properties, has made it a beloved gemstone for centuries.

Whether used in jewelry, amulets, or decorative objects, turquoise continues to capture the imagination and inspire admiration. Its beauty and symbolic significance make it a perfect choice for December birthdays, connecting the wearer to a rich legacy of history, culture, and natural beauty.

By understanding the history, properties, and symbolism of turquoise, we gain a deeper appreciation for this captivating gemstone and its enduring place in the world of gemology and jewelry.


Sources

  1. Arnold Jewelers - December Birthstone and Flower
  2. Monthly Birthstones - December Birthstone
  3. Color with Leo - What is December Birthstone and Flower
  4. Western Montana Aging Services - Happy Birthday December Babies
  5. Witches of the Craft - December Birthstone Color and Flower

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