The concept of birthstones—gemstones associated with each month of the year—has captivated people for centuries. These stones are not only beautiful adornments but also carry rich historical and cultural significance. In this article, we explore the December and February birthstones, focusing on turquoise, tanzanite, amethyst, and others that have been linked to these months. Through an in-depth examination of their properties, symbolism, and evolution as birthstones, we uncover the enduring appeal of these gemstones.
The Evolution of Birthstones
The modern birthstone tradition has roots in ancient civilizations. As early as the 4th century, the "Book of Stones" in the Old Testament is believed to have listed 12 stones corresponding to the 12 tribes of Israel, later associated with the months of the year. Over time, these associations evolved, influenced by cultural shifts, trade, and the discovery of new gemstones. Today, the modern birthstone list includes both traditional and more recent additions, reflecting the dynamic nature of gemology and human fascination with the natural world.
For December and February, the selection of birthstones reflects this historical continuity as well as the influence of modern gemstone discovery and marketing. The December birthstone, for example, has seen several changes since the 20th century, with turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz all being recognized. February's amethyst has retained its status over centuries, a testament to its enduring popularity and symbolic meaning.
December Birthstones: A Diversity of Blue
December is particularly unique among the months because it has multiple birthstone options. The modern birthstone for December is blue topaz, though turquoise, tanzanite, and blue zircon are also recognized. This multiplicity reflects both the aesthetic appeal of blue gemstones and the historical and cultural significance of each stone.
Turquoise: A Stone of Ancient Significance
Turquoise has long been revered for its striking blue-green color and has been used as a birthstone for December in many traditions. Its use dates back thousands of years, with evidence of its importance in ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Mesoamerican cultures. In these civilizations, turquoise was not only valued for its beauty but also for its spiritual and protective properties. It was believed to bring good fortune, ward off evil, and serve as a bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with a chemical formula of CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in arid regions where copper minerals and aluminum-rich materials interact with water. The most famous sources of turquoise include Iran, the American Southwest, and China.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Discovered in Tanzania in 1967, tanzanite is a relatively new addition to the birthstone list, becoming an official December birthstone in 2002. This violet-blue gemstone is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its vivid color and pleochroism—the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite is chemically calcium aluminum silicate and is only found in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
Tanzanite's introduction as a birthstone reflects the modern trend of incorporating newly discovered or newly marketed gemstones into the birthstone tradition. Its rarity and striking appearance have made it a popular choice for December birthdays.
Blue Topaz: A Symbol of Clarity and Calm
Blue topaz is the official modern birthstone for December. A variety of the mineral topaz, it is known for its clear, blue color and its relative affordability compared to other precious gemstones. Blue topaz is often treated to enhance its color, a process that involves irradiation and heat treatment. This gemstone is composed of aluminum silicate and has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear.
Blue topaz has been associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional balance. In some traditions, it is believed to help reduce stress and promote mental focus. Its popularity as a December birthstone is also due in part to its availability and the ease with which it can be cut and polished.
Blue Zircon and Other Alternatives
Blue zircon is another alternative December birthstone. Zircon is a zirconium silicate and can occur in a range of colors, including blue, yellow, and colorless. Blue zircon is typically heat-treated to enhance its color, and it has a refractive index that gives it a brilliant sparkle. It is also relatively affordable and durable, with a hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale.
These alternative December birthstones illustrate the flexibility of the modern birthstone tradition, allowing individuals to choose a gemstone that best suits their preferences and budget.
February Birthstones: The Timeless Amethyst
February's birthstone is the amethyst, a violet variety of quartz that has been cherished for millennia. Known for its calming properties and stunning color, amethyst has been a favorite among jewelers and collectors alike. It is the traditional and modern birthstone for February and is often associated with sobriety, peace, and spiritual insight.
Geological Properties of Amethyst
Amethyst is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and is a member of the quartz family. It forms in geodes and other cavities within igneous rocks, where it crystallizes as the magma cools. The violet color of amethyst is due to the presence of iron impurities and natural irradiation. Amethyst has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry applications.
Amethyst is found in many parts of the world, including Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia, and the United States. Brazil is the largest producer of amethyst, accounting for a significant portion of the world's supply. The availability of amethyst has contributed to its widespread use in jewelry and decorative objects.
Symbolism and Historical Significance
Amethyst has a rich history of symbolism across cultures. In ancient Greece, it was believed to protect against intoxication, and the word "amethyst" is derived from the Greek "amethystos," meaning "not drunken." During the Middle Ages, amethyst was associated with nobility and was often worn by royalty. In the Victorian era, it became a popular gemstone for mourning jewelry, symbolizing sincerity and calmness.
In modern times, amethyst is often used in meditation and spiritual practices, believed to promote emotional balance and spiritual growth. Its calming properties make it a popular choice for those seeking to reduce stress and enhance their mental clarity.
The Cultural and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both December and February birthstones have been associated with a range of cultural and metaphysical beliefs. Turquoise, for example, has long been considered a stone of protection and good fortune. In Native American traditions, it was used in ceremonies and as a symbol of life and health. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to have protective powers and was often used in amulets and jewelry.
Amethyst, on the other hand, has been linked to sobriety and spiritual insight. In medieval Europe, it was worn by monks and scholars as a symbol of wisdom and purity. In modern crystal healing, it is believed to help with emotional healing, reduce anxiety, and enhance spiritual awareness.
These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, reflect the deep cultural and emotional significance that people attach to gemstones. Whether worn for their beauty, their symbolism, or their perceived metaphysical properties, birthstones continue to play an important role in human culture.
Care and Maintenance of December and February Birthstones
Proper care is essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of December and February birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements based on its hardness, chemical composition, and sensitivity to heat, light, and chemicals.
Caring for Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, and is sensitive to heat, chemicals, and water. It should be kept away from harsh detergents, perfumes, and cosmetics. To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steamers, as they can cause the stone to dry out and lose its color.
Turquoise jewelry should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent discoloration and damage. It is best to store it separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Caring for Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale and is sensitive to heat and sunlight, which can cause it to fade. To clean tanzanite, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight and heat sources, as this can alter its color. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for tanzanite, but they should be used with caution.
Tanzanite jewelry should be stored in a dark, cool place to maintain its vibrant color. It is also advisable to store it separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Caring for Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is relatively hard, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, and is less sensitive to heat and light. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are safe for blue topaz. However, it is important to avoid exposing it to extreme temperatures, as this can cause the stone to crack.
Blue topaz jewelry should be stored in a dry place to prevent damage from moisture. It can be stored with other gemstones, but it is best to keep it in a separate compartment to avoid scratches.
Caring for Amethyst
Amethyst has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and is relatively durable. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. However, it is sensitive to heat and sunlight, which can cause it to fade. Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight can alter its color, so it is best to store amethyst jewelry in a cool, dark place.
Amethyst can be cleaned with ultrasonic and steam cleaners, but it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals, as they can damage the stone. Amethyst jewelry should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The December and February birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue topaz, and amethyst—each carry a unique history, symbolism, and set of properties. From the ancient reverence for turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, these gemstones reflect the evolving relationship between humanity and the natural world. Whether chosen for their beauty, their historical significance, or their perceived metaphysical properties, these stones continue to captivate and inspire.
As the birthstone tradition continues to evolve, so too does our understanding and appreciation of these gems. By exploring their geological properties, cultural significance, and care requirements, we gain a deeper appreciation for the role they play in our lives and in our history.