December is one of the most unique months in the annual cycle of birthstones, as it is associated with three distinct gemstones: turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. These gemstones not only carry rich historical significance and cultural symbolism but also possess intriguing geological properties and aesthetic appeal. As December birthstones, they are believed to bring protection, healing, and a sense of balance to those who wear them. This article delves into the meanings, origins, and properties of these three gemstones, providing a comprehensive overview of their roles in both historical and contemporary contexts.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, with roots in ancient religious and cultural practices. The concept of birthstones is thought to have originated in the biblical Book of Exodus, which describes the twelve gemstones on the breastplate of the High Priest of the Israelites. While the exact stones in this ancient tradition remain a subject of debate, the idea of linking gemstones to specific months gradually evolved and was formalized in the early 20th century.
December’s association with turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite reflects a modern standardization of birthstones. Turquoise, in particular, has a long and storied history across various cultures. It was highly valued in ancient Egypt, where it was used in jewelry and amulets, and was also prized by Native American tribes for its spiritual significance. Zircon, on the other hand, has been known for its brilliance and fire, often mistaken for diamonds or other precious gems in earlier centuries. Tanzanite is the youngest of the three, discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania and named after the country of its origin.
Turquoise
Turquoise has been a symbol of protection and good fortune in many cultures. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to ward off evil and was often used in funerary jewelry. In the Americas, Native American tribes such as the Navajo and Zuni incorporated turquoise into their jewelry and rituals, seeing it as a sacred stone that connected the earth to the sky. The stone’s blue-green color was associated with spiritual harmony and communication with the divine.
Turquoise was also highly prized in the Islamic world, where it was used in mosaics and architectural decorations. In China, turquoise was considered a symbol of wealth and prosperity, and was often set in gold for imperial jewelry. The stone’s enduring popularity across different cultures underscores its significance as both a protective and decorative element.
Zircon
Zircon has a long history of use in jewelry and decorative arts. Known for its high refractive index and dispersion, zircon was once mistaken for diamonds, especially in its colorless form. This led to its nickname as "false diamonds." In ancient times, zircon was also referred to as "hyacinth," a name that has been used to describe various red or reddish-brown gems.
Zircon has been found in archaeological sites dating back to the Bronze Age, indicating its value and use in early civilizations. The stone’s durability and luster made it a favored choice for rings, pendants, and other forms of adornment. Its association with December is relatively recent, but its historical use as a gemstone demonstrates its enduring appeal.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is the youngest of the three December birthstones, discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. The stone was first identified as a blue variety of the mineral zoisite. Tanzanite quickly gained popularity due to its vibrant color and unique properties. The discovery was significant not only because of the stone’s beauty but also because of its limited geographic source—tanzanite is found exclusively in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
Tanzanite’s discovery was also a commercial success, as it was marketed as a December birthstone to coincide with the holiday season. Its deep blue to violet color and trichroism (the ability to display three different colors depending on the viewing angle) make it a fascinating gemstone for collectors and jewelers alike.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological formation and sources of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity and value. Each December birthstone has a unique origin story, shaped by the natural processes that formed them deep within the Earth.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It is formed in the oxidation zone of copper deposits, where water percolates through the rock and reacts with copper minerals. This process results in the characteristic blue-green color of turquoise. The stone is typically found in arid regions where the dry climate helps preserve its color and structure.
Major sources of turquoise include Iran, China, Egypt, the United States, and Mexico. In the U.S., turquoise is most commonly found in the Southwest, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico. The quality and color of turquoise can vary depending on the specific location and the minerals present in the surrounding rock.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral composed of zirconium, silicon, and oxygen. It is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant, fiery appearance. Zircon can be found in a range of colors, including colorless, yellow, orange, red, and blue. The blue color is particularly desirable and is achieved through heat treatment.
Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings, including igneous and metamorphic rocks. Major sources include Cambodia, Thailand, India, Brazil, and Australia. The stone’s durability and resistance to weathering make it a common component of sedimentary rocks and alluvial deposits.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a blue-violet variety of zoisite, a calcium aluminum silicate. It is formed under specific geological conditions involving high-grade metamorphism. The unique color of tanzanite is due to trace amounts of vanadium, which causes the stone to display a range of blue to violet hues.
As mentioned earlier, tanzanite is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near the city of Arusha. The limited geographic source of tanzanite contributes to its rarity and value. Mining operations in the region are carefully managed to ensure the sustainable extraction of this precious gemstone.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite include their hardness, color, clarity, and other characteristics that define their appearance and durability.
Turquoise
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Blue to green, often with veins or matrix patterns
- Clarity: Typically opaque to slightly translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65
- Luster: Waxy to greasy
- Specific Gravity: 2.6–2.8
Turquoise is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, which means it requires careful handling and protection from scratches. Its porous nature also makes it susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals and excessive moisture.
Zircon
- Hardness: 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Colorless, yellow, orange, red, blue
- Clarity: Usually transparent to translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.00
- Luster: Vitreous
- Specific Gravity: 3.9–4.7
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant, fiery appearance. The stone is durable enough for everyday wear, although it can be susceptible to chipping if struck with a sharp blow.
Tanzanite
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Blue to violet, with trichroism
- Clarity: Typically transparent to translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.701
- Luster: Vitreous
- Specific Gravity: 3.1–3.4
Tanzanite is a relatively durable gemstone, but it should still be handled with care to avoid scratches and impacts. Its trichroism makes it a fascinating gemstone to study and admire, as it can display different colors depending on the viewing angle.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite reflect their historical significance and cultural importance. These gemstones are believed to carry specific energies and meanings that can influence the wearer’s life and well-being.
Turquoise
Turquoise is often associated with protection, healing, and spiritual harmony. In ancient times, it was believed to have the power to ward off evil and bring good fortune. Many cultures also associate turquoise with communication and clarity, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their ability to express themselves and connect with others.
Modern metaphysical practices continue to attribute similar meanings to turquoise. It is believed to promote calmness, balance, and emotional stability. Some also use turquoise as a tool for meditation, as it is thought to help open the throat and heart chakras, facilitating communication and emotional healing.
Zircon
Zircon is associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual growth. In ancient times, it was believed to enhance the wearer’s ability to see the truth and make sound judgments. The stone’s brilliance and fire are also symbolic of clarity and insight, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their intellectual and spiritual development.
Zircon is also believed to have protective qualities, helping to shield the wearer from negative energies and promoting a sense of security and confidence. Its association with the stars and celestial bodies makes it a symbol of cosmic connection and higher knowledge.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, intuition, and emotional healing. As a relatively new gemstone, it has gained popularity in modern metaphysical practices for its ability to help individuals navigate change and emotional challenges. Tanzanite is believed to enhance one’s ability to listen to their intuition and make decisions that align with their higher purpose.
The stone is also associated with emotional balance and healing, helping to release negative emotions and promote a sense of inner peace. Its vibrant color and trichroism make it a symbol of diversity and the beauty of different perspectives.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness and susceptibility to damage.
Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, making it vulnerable to damage from harsh chemicals, excessive moisture, and physical impact. To care for turquoise jewelry, it is best to avoid exposing it to household cleaners, perfumes, and lotions. Clean the stone gently with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause the stone to lose its color or become damaged.
Store turquoise jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It is also advisable to avoid wearing turquoise in high-impact activities or environments where it may be exposed to excessive wear and tear.
Zircon
Zircon is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with mild soap and water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone or cause it to become brittle. Clean zircon jewelry with a soft brush and a mild detergent, then rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth.
Store zircon jewelry in a safe, dry place to prevent scratches and damage. While zircon is relatively tough, it can still be chipped if struck with a sharp blow, so it is best to handle it with care.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively durable gemstone, but it can still be scratched or chipped if handled carelessly. To clean tanzanite jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause the stone to lose its color or become damaged.
Store tanzanite jewelry in a safe, dry place, away from other gemstones that may cause scratches. It is also advisable to avoid exposing tanzanite to high temperatures or direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can cause the color to fade.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite—offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and beauty. Each gemstone has a unique story, shaped by its geological origins, cultural significance, and metaphysical properties. Whether worn for their protective qualities, their aesthetic appeal, or their spiritual meaning, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire those who seek to understand their significance.
The enduring popularity of December’s birthstones is a testament to their lasting appeal. From the ancient belief in their protective powers to the modern appreciation for their beauty and rarity, these gemstones remain a cherished part of the annual cycle of birthstones. As we continue to explore the meanings and properties of these stones, we gain a deeper appreciation for the connection between gemstones and the human experience.
Sources
- Color Meanings: Birthstone Colors by Month and Their Meanings
- Jewelry Saving Lives: What Does Your Birthstone Mean?
- Color Psychology: Birthstone Colors
- Those Precious Stones: Birthstone Guide – Meanings and Properties by Month
- Hidden Numerology: Birthstones by Month Meanings
- Jewelry Informer: Birthstones by Month
- The Old Farmer’s Almanac: Birthstones