The September birthstone, sapphire, has captivated humanity for centuries with its brilliance, symbolic weight, and regal associations. Known primarily for its striking blue color, sapphire is a member of the corundum family, which also includes the red variety, ruby. Though sapphire is often associated with blue, it can occur in almost any color except red. As one of the hardest natural gemstones, sapphire is not only admired for its beauty but also for its durability and rich historical significance. In this article, we explore the gemological properties, historical uses, cultural symbolism, and practical care of sapphire, the September birthstone.
A Gemstone of Timeless Elegance and Symbolism
Sapphire has long been associated with high status, wisdom, and divine favor. The name “sapphire” is derived from the Greek word sappheiros, which originally referred to a blue gemstone and was later used to describe the sky and sea. This gemstone has been revered by various civilizations, from the ancient Greeks and Romans to the medieval clergy and royal courts of Europe. The September birthstone has symbolized truth, sincerity, and loyalty, making it a fitting gift for anniversaries and enduring relationships.
Sapphire has also been linked to spiritual and protective properties. The ancient Persians believed the earth was supported by a giant sapphire that made the sky appear blue. In the Middle Ages, sapphire was thought to ward off envy and protect the wearer from harm. It was also believed to cure diseases of the eye and serve as an antidote to poison. These beliefs underscore the deep cultural and historical significance of the September birthstone.
Geological Formation and Sources of Sapphire
Sapphire is a form of corundum, a mineral composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Its remarkable hardness—rated at 9 on the Mohs scale—makes it ideal for jewelry that can withstand daily wear. The gem’s color is due to trace elements within the crystal structure. For example, blue sapphires owe their hue to the presence of iron and titanium, while other colors arise from different impurities.
Sapphires are found in a limited number of locations around the world, each producing stones with distinct characteristics. The most famous sources for blue sapphires include:
- Kashmir: Known for producing sapphires with a velvety, cornflower blue color and a unique asterism (a star-like effect). Kashmir sapphires are among the most valuable in the world due to their rarity and exceptional quality.
- Myanmar (formerly Burma): Burmese sapphires are renowned for their deep blue color and strong saturation. The Mogok region has been a significant source for centuries.
- Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka is one of the oldest and most consistent sources of sapphires. The stones from this region often have a lighter blue hue and are known for their clarity.
- Madagascar and Tanzania: These African countries have become significant sources of sapphires in recent decades, producing a wide range of colors and qualities.
- Australia and the United States (Montana): These regions are notable for producing sapphires in various colors, including pink, yellow, and green.
In addition to blue, sapphires can be found in a spectrum of colors including pink, yellow, green, and even colorless (known as white sapphires). These are often referred to as "fancy sapphires." Despite its association with blue, the term "sapphire" technically refers to any corundum that is not red—reserving the name "ruby" for the red variety.
The Historical and Cultural Significance of Sapphire
Sapphire has a rich and storied history, with its use dating back to ancient civilizations. It has been a symbol of power, divinity, and wisdom across cultures and time periods. In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphires were believed to offer protection against harm and envy. The gem was also associated with the heavens and divine favor. The medieval clergy often wore sapphires to symbolize their connection to the sky and the divine.
One of the most famous historical references to sapphire is the belief that the Ten Commandments were inscribed on sapphire tablets. While some scholars now suggest that the blue gemstone in question may have been lapis lazuli, the idea of sapphire as a divine and sacred stone persisted into the Middle Ages. During this period, sapphires were often set into religious artifacts and royal regalia, reinforcing their association with power and purity.
In the modern era, sapphire has remained a symbol of royalty and enduring love. The most iconic example is the sapphire engagement ring worn by Princess Diana, which was later given to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, by Prince William in 2010. This ring features a 12-carat blue sapphire surrounded by diamonds and has become a symbol of enduring love and royal tradition.
Another notable sapphire is the Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat stone that was acquired by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1934. This gem has a storied history, having been recut and remounted several times, and is now a prized possession in the world of fine gemstones.
Gemological Properties of Sapphire
Sapphire is not only admired for its beauty but also for its impressive physical properties. Here are some key gemological characteristics of sapphire:
- Chemical Composition: Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) with trace elements that determine its color.
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest natural gemstones and suitable for daily wear.
- Refractive Index: Between 1.76 and 1.78, with a birefringence of 0.008–0.010.
- Specific Gravity: Ranges from 3.95 to 4.03.
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy).
- Cleavage: Sapphires have no cleavage but can have a parting along the c-axis, which can make cutting and setting the stone more delicate.
- Color: Most commonly blue, but sapphires can occur in almost any color except red. The most valuable blue sapphires have a mid-blue to deep blue color with a consistent hue.
- Cut: Sapphires are often cut into brilliant shapes like oval, round, and cushion. Step cuts like emerald and Asscher cuts are also popular for highlighting the gem’s clarity and color.
The most valuable sapphires are those with a pure, vivid color that remains consistent under different lighting conditions. Stones with inclusions that enhance their character, such as silk-like structures that diffuse light, are also highly prized.
The Metaphysical and Symbolic Meanings of Sapphire
Sapphire has long been associated with spiritual and symbolic meanings. In various cultures, it has been seen as a stone of wisdom, truth, and divine favor. The gem’s deep blue color has often been linked to the sky and the sea, symbolizing infinity, depth, and the vastness of the universe.
In medieval Europe, sapphires were believed to have healing properties, particularly for the eyes and skin. They were thought to cure diseases and serve as an antidote to poison. These beliefs reflect the broader historical trend of associating gemstones with medicinal and protective powers.
In modern times, sapphire is often given as a gift to symbolize loyalty, faithfulness, and enduring love. It is also associated with royalty and nobility, making it a fitting choice for engagement rings and other significant pieces of jewelry. Sapphires are also used in spiritual practices and are believed to promote inner peace, clarity, and spiritual awareness.
Care and Cleaning of Sapphire
Due to its high hardness and durability, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. However, there are some important considerations to keep in mind to ensure the gem remains in excellent condition.
Cleaning: - Warm, Soapy Water: This is the safest and most effective method for cleaning sapphires. A mild detergent and a soft brush can be used to remove dirt and oils. - Ultrasonic and Steam Cleaners: These are generally safe for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion–treated sapphires. However, they should not be used on fracture-filled or dyed sapphires, as these treatments can be damaged. - Avoid Harsh Chemicals: Sapphires should not be exposed to harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gem or its setting.
Storage: - Sapphires should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. A soft cloth or jewelry box with individual compartments is ideal.
Wearing: - Sapphires are suitable for daily wear due to their high hardness. However, they should be handled with care, as they can still chip or crack if subjected to a hard impact.
By following these care instructions, sapphires can retain their beauty and value for generations.
Conclusion
Sapphire, the September birthstone, is a gemstone of extraordinary beauty, historical significance, and enduring symbolism. Its deep blue color, exceptional hardness, and rich cultural associations have made it a beloved gemstone for centuries. From its use in ancient religious artifacts to its role in royal jewelry, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Whether chosen for its symbolic meaning, its physical properties, or its stunning appearance, sapphire remains one of the most treasured gemstones in the world.