August, the eighth month of the year, is associated with three distinct and captivating gemstones: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx. These birthstones are not only admired for their aesthetic appeal but also carry rich historical, cultural, and symbolic significance. While Peridot is the most widely recognized modern August birthstone in the U.S. and Britain, Spinel and Sardonyx have a long and storied legacy that predates Peridot's adoption as the primary August gemstone.
This article explores the gemological properties, historical evolution, cultural symbolism, and practical care of these three August birthstones. It draws exclusively from the information provided in the sources, ensuring a factual and authoritative presentation for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry connoisseurs, and students of gemology.
History and Lore of the August Birthstones
Peridot: The Cosmic Gem
Peridot is the most prominent of the three August birthstones and has been cherished for millennia. Known for its vibrant green color, peridot is often referred to as the “gem of the sun” by the ancient Egyptians, who believed it had special healing powers. The gem was found in volcanic lava in Hawaii and in meteorites, lending to its mythological significance. In ancient Rome, peridot was highly valued for its brilliance and clarity and was set into rings and luxury ornaments. Medieval Europeans believed peridot could cleanse the mind of stress and anxiety, offering mental clarity and emotional healing.
Peridot has also been historically confused with other gems such as topaz and emerald. The Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name “topaz” is derived, actually produced peridot, not topaz. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have included peridot, highlighting the gem's historical misidentification and enduring allure.
Spinel: The Misunderstood Beauty
Spinel, a gemstone often mistaken for ruby, has only recently gained recognition as a modern August birthstone. For centuries, red spinel was thought to be ruby due to their similar appearance and color. However, as gemological science advanced, the distinct properties of spinel—such as its different refractive index and crystal structure—became more widely understood. Today, spinel is appreciated for its brilliance and versatility, offering a vibrant alternative to ruby in both jewelry and gemological study.
Spinel is valued for its hardness and durability, making it a practical choice for everyday wear. Its rich red, pink, and even blue hues make it a popular choice for those seeking a gemstone that is both beautiful and affordable.
Sardonyx: The Ancient Guardian
Sardonyx, a red and white variety of chalcedony, has a history that dates back more than 4,000 years. It was the original August birthstone before peridot was adopted as the primary gemstone in the early 20th century. Sardonyx was used in ancient civilizations for its protective and confidence-boosting properties. It was believed to enhance optimism, joy, and courage, making it a popular choice for amulets and talismans.
Sardonyx continues to be valued today for its vibrant contrast and durability. Its combination of red and white layers gives it a unique appearance, and it is often used in rings, pendants, and other forms of jewelry that highlight its striking patterns.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine and is formed under extreme geological conditions. It is created in the Earth's mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity or meteorite impacts. This makes peridot one of the few gemstones that can be found in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial origins.
Peridot is primarily sourced from volcanic regions and meteorite fragments. Major sources include Arizona in the U.S., Myanmar, and China. The gem's color ranges from yellow-green to greenish yellow, with the most sought-after variety being a light green or lime green hue. The presence of iron in the mineral gives peridot its characteristic green color.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate and can be found in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, and even black. The gem forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is often found alongside corundum (the mineral family that includes ruby and sapphire).
Spinel is found in several countries, including Myanmar, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. Its hardness, rated at 8 on the Mohs scale, makes it a durable and practical choice for jewelry. Unlike ruby, which is also red and part of the corundum family, spinel has a different refractive index and crystal structure, which allows gemologists to distinguish between the two.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quartz, and is formed from silica-rich solutions that deposit in rock cavities over time. It is a banded gemstone, with alternating layers of red (sard) and white (onyx). The red color comes from iron oxides, while the white layers are composed of silica.
Sardonyx has been mined for thousands of years and is still sourced from regions such as India, Brazil, and the United States. Its durability and affordability make it a popular choice for carved cameos, seals, and other decorative items. The gem’s banded appearance makes it ideal for cabochons and engraved designs.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Formula | Refractive Index | Transparency | Cut Commonly Used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellow-green to greenish yellow | 6.5–7 | (Mg,Fe)₂(SiO₄) | 1.65–1.70 | Transparent | Brilliant, Emerald |
| Spinel | Red, pink, blue, black | 8 | MgAl₂O₄ | 1.718–1.721 | Transparent | Brilliant, Oval |
| Sardonyx | Red and white bands | 6.5–7 | SiO₂ (with iron oxides) | 1.48–1.53 | Translucent | Cabochon, Cameo |
Peridot
Peridot is known for its vivid green color and is graded based on its hue, tone, and saturation. The most desirable peridot exhibits a light green or lime green color. It is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, which means it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage.
Peridot is often cut in brilliant or emerald styles to enhance its clarity and color. Its refractive index ranges from 1.65 to 1.70, and it is typically transparent. Because of its softness, peridot is best suited for earrings, pendants, and other pieces that experience less wear.
Spinel
Spinel is a versatile gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than peridot. It is often cut in brilliant or oval shapes to maximize its brilliance and sparkle. Spinel has a refractive index of 1.718–1.721, which gives it a lively, glassy luster.
The gem is available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, and black. The most popular varieties are red and pink spinel, which are often used as alternatives to ruby and sapphire. Spinel is also known for its excellent clarity, with many specimens being eye-clean or nearly flawless.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony that is typically cut in a cabochon or cameo style to showcase its distinctive red and white layers. It has a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale and a refractive index of 1.48–1.53. Sardonyx is generally translucent and is often used in engraved pieces, such as rings and pendants.
The gem is known for its durability and affordability, making it a popular choice for both everyday and ceremonial jewelry. Sardonyx is also used in decorative items such as seals and cameos, where its contrasting bands can be highlighted.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot
Peridot is associated with strength, protection, and emotional healing. It is believed to help individuals take responsibility for their actions and forgive themselves for past mistakes. The gem is also thought to promote optimism and manifesting dreams, making it a popular choice for those seeking personal growth and self-improvement.
In ancient times, peridot was believed to ward off nightmares and evil spirits. The gem was often worn as an amulet to provide protection and enhance spiritual clarity. Today, peridot is still used in metaphysical practices to cleanse the mind and emotions, promoting a sense of peace and well-being.
Spinel
Spinel is known for its ability to stimulate the heart and encourage emotional healing. It is believed to enhance love, compassion, and understanding, making it a popular gemstone for romantic relationships. Spinel is also associated with strength and vitality, helping individuals overcome challenges and achieve their goals.
In gemstone therapy, spinel is used to balance the chakras and promote a sense of inner harmony. Red spinel, in particular, is believed to enhance courage and confidence, while pink spinel is associated with love and tenderness.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has long been regarded as a protective stone, believed to enhance confidence, optimism, and joy. It is associated with courage and determination, making it a popular choice for those seeking to overcome obstacles and achieve success. Sardonyx is also believed to promote good luck and prosperity, making it a valuable talisman for those in business or seeking new opportunities.
In ancient times, sardonyx was used in amulets and seals to provide protection and ward off negative energies. The gem was also believed to enhance communication and interpersonal relationships, making it a valuable tool for those in leadership or negotiation roles.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot
Due to its relatively soft nature, peridot requires gentle handling and cleaning. It should be avoided in harsh environments such as chlorinated water, extreme heat, or abrasive materials. Peridot can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be used with caution, as they may cause damage to the gemstone.
Peridot jewelry should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. It is best to avoid wearing peridot during physical activities or when handling rough surfaces.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone that can withstand normal wear and tear. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth, mild soap, and warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for spinel, but it is always advisable to consult a professional jeweler for specific recommendations.
Spinel jewelry can be worn daily and does not require special storage. However, it is best to remove spinel jewelry before engaging in activities that may cause impact or abrasion.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for sardonyx, but it is best to avoid using them on carved or engraved pieces to prevent damage to the design.
Sardonyx jewelry should be stored in a dry place to prevent moisture-related damage. It is also advisable to store sardonyx separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx—offer a fascinating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient Egyptian reverence for peridot as the “gem of the sun” to the recent recognition of spinel as a modern alternative to ruby, these gemstones have captivated cultures for thousands of years.
Peridot, with its vibrant green hue and cosmic origins, is a symbol of strength and emotional healing. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, has gained a new appreciation for its brilliance and versatility. Sardonyx, with its rich history and banded appearance, continues to be a popular choice for protective and confidence-boosting jewelry.
Understanding the gemological properties, historical significance, and practical care of these August birthstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their beauty and enduring appeal.