August is one of the few months that boast three officially recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each of these gemstones carries its own unique history, symbolism, and gemological properties, making them a rich subject of study for gemologists and enthusiasts alike. While peridot is widely regarded as the primary birthstone for August, the inclusion of spinel in 2016 and the historical significance of sardonyx provide a broader narrative of cultural tradition, evolving fashion, and scientific understanding. This article explores the origins, properties, and significance of each of these August birthstones, drawing exclusively from the data provided in the sources.
Introduction
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific birth months dates back centuries, with roots in ancient religious and cultural practices. The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each reflect a different aspect of this tradition. Peridot, with its vibrant yellow-green hues, is formed in some of the most extreme conditions on Earth and has been revered for its beauty and supposed healing properties. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby and sapphire, has only recently gained recognition as a birthstone, reflecting the evolving tastes and knowledge of the gemstone market. Sardonyx, with its banded red and white appearance, is the oldest of the three and has long been used in seals and amulets by ancient civilizations.
This article will explore the historical significance, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care requirements of each of these August birthstones, drawing from the detailed information provided in the sources.
History and Lore
Peridot
Peridot has a long and storied history. The gem is the yellowish green to greenish yellow variety of the mineral olivine and has been found in volcanic lava and meteorites. The Egyptians referred to it as the “gem of the Sun,” believing it to possess special healing powers. Its association with volcanic activity is reflected in the ancient Hawaiian belief that peridot was the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanoes. The gem has also been confused with other stones, such as topaz and emerald, due to its similar appearance. For instance, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral contains gems that were originally thought to be emeralds but are now recognized as peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have actually been composed of peridot.
Peridot was historically linked to protection and positivity. It was believed to ward off nightmares and enchantments and was used as a symbol of strength and abundance.
Spinel
Spinel has had a more recent rise in popularity as a birthstone. It was long mistaken for ruby and sapphire due to its similar color and brilliance. In fact, many famous “rubies” in royal collections were actually red spinel. The gem was underappreciated until the early 21st century, when it was officially recognized as an August birthstone in 2016. This recognition reflects the growing interest in alternative gemstones among consumers and jewelers seeking less expensive yet equally beautiful options.
Spinel’s historical significance is largely tied to its confusion with other gemstones, but its unique crystal structure and affordability have made it a modern favorite.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx, the oldest of the August birthstones, is a red and white banded variety of chalcedony. It has been used for thousands of years in cameos, amulets, and seals. The stone was particularly valued by the ancient Greeks and Romans, who believed it brought victory in battle and enhanced communication skills. Sardonyx is one of the few birthstones that has retained its traditional significance through the centuries, symbolizing strength, courage, and protection. Its use in ancient times suggests a deep cultural and spiritual connection, with the stone often worn as a protective charm.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, often in the Earth’s mantle. It is carried to the surface through volcanic activity or found in meteorites that have fallen to Earth. The gem is composed of a silicate of magnesium and iron (chemical formula: (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄). The presence of iron in its composition gives it its characteristic yellow-green color. The stone is relatively common, with significant sources including the United States (particularly in Hawaii and Arizona), Egypt, Pakistan, and Brazil. High-quality peridot, especially in vivid green tones, can be rare and highly valued.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum oxide (chemical formula: MgAl₂O₄). It is found in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, and black, but the red variety is most commonly associated with August. Spinel is typically formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks. Major sources include Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and Afghanistan. The red spinel, which was historically mistaken for ruby, is particularly prized for its brilliance and affordability.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and is known for its banded appearance, with red and white layers. The red color comes from iron oxides, while the white layers are composed of silica. Sardonyx is found in various parts of the world, including India, Brazil, Germany, and the United States. It has been used for centuries in carvings, cameos, and seals due to its durability and ability to take a fine polish.
The following table provides a comparison of the geological properties of the three August birthstones:
| Property | Peridot | Spinel | Sardonyx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | MgAl₂O₄ | SiO₂ (microcrystalline quartz) |
| Formation | Volcanic activity, meteorites | Metamorphic and igneous rocks | Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks |
| Sources | Hawaii, Arizona, Egypt, Pakistan | Burma, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Afghanistan | India, Brazil, Germany, USA |
| Color | Yellow-green to greenish yellow | Red, pink, blue, black | Red and white banded |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5–7 | 8 | 6.5–7 |
Gemological Properties
Each of the three August birthstones has unique gemological properties that influence their use in jewelry and their care requirements.
Peridot
Peridot is known for its distinctive yellow-green color, which is caused by the presence of iron in its chemical composition. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage from harder materials. Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70 and is typically transparent to translucent. It exhibits a glassy luster and can be found in a wide range of sizes, from small gemstones to large, high-quality specimens.
Peridot is typically cut in a variety of styles, including brilliant cuts, emerald cuts, and custom shapes, depending on the stone's size and clarity. The gem is not typically treated, as it is already stable and does not require enhancement to showcase its beauty.
Spinel
Spinel is known for its brilliance and wide range of colors, with the red variety being the most commonly associated with August. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than peridot and suitable for everyday wear in jewelry. Spinel has a refractive index of 1.718 and is typically transparent to translucent, with a glassy to vitreous luster.
Spinel is often cut in brilliant cuts to maximize its fire and sparkle. The gem is relatively stable and does not require special treatments, although some stones may be heat-treated to enhance their color. Spinel is a popular choice for those seeking an alternative to ruby or sapphire, as it offers similar beauty at a lower cost.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony that is known for its durability and ability to take a fine polish. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in jewelry such as rings, pendants, and bracelets. The stone is composed of silica and iron oxides, which give it its characteristic red and white bands. Sardonyx is typically opaque to translucent and has a waxy to vitreous luster.
Sardonyx is often carved into cameos, amulets, and seals, as it can be easily shaped and polished. The gem is not typically treated, as its color and pattern are naturally occurring. Sardonyx is a popular choice for those who appreciate historical and traditional gemstones, as it has been used for thousands of years in various cultures.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The August birthstones have been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs across different cultures and historical periods.
Peridot
Peridot is often associated with abundance, protection, and positivity. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off nightmares and enchantments and was used as a symbol of strength and courage. The gem was also thought to bring good fortune and promote healing. In modern times, peridot is often worn as a protective stone, especially for those born in August. It is also believed to enhance personal growth and encourage emotional balance.
Spinel
Spinel is associated with passion, vitality, and emotional strength. Due to its long history of being mistaken for ruby, it has inherited some of the symbolic meanings of ruby, including love, courage, and power. In modern times, spinel is seen as a symbol of authenticity and individuality, as it is often chosen as an alternative to more traditional gemstones. It is also believed to promote emotional healing and self-confidence.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is associated with strength, courage, and protection. It was historically used in amulets and seals to bring victory in battle and enhance communication skills. The stone is believed to promote confidence and determination, making it a popular choice for those seeking to overcome challenges. In modern times, sardonyx is often worn as a protective stone, especially in stressful or competitive environments.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of August birthstone jewelry.
Peridot
Peridot should be cleaned gently using warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage due to the gem’s lower hardness and possible internal fractures. Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches. It is also advisable to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Spinel
Spinel is more durable than peridot and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as long as the stone is not heat-sensitive. Spinel should be stored in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent scratches. It is generally safe to expose spinel to normal household chemicals, but it is best to avoid prolonged contact with harsh substances.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage due to the stone’s porous nature. Sardonyx should be stored in a dry place to prevent moisture from affecting its luster. It is also advisable to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Peridot, with its vibrant yellow-green color and ancient associations, is the most widely recognized of the three. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, has gained new appreciation as a modern alternative. Sardonyx, the oldest of the three, continues to be valued for its historical significance and protective qualities.
These gemstones reflect the evolving nature of birthstone traditions, from ancient superstitions to modern scientific understanding. Their geological properties, cultural significance, and aesthetic appeal make them a valuable addition to any gemstone collection or jewelry piece. Whether worn for their beauty, their symbolism, or their historical connection, the August birthstones continue to captivate and inspire.