August, the month of late summer, is uniquely associated with not one, but three birthstones: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx. Unlike many other months that have a single or dual birthstone designation, August offers a rich diversity in gemological options, each with its own distinct characteristics, historical significance, and symbolic meaning. These gemstones have captivated jewelers, collectors, and historians for centuries, and continue to hold a special place in both traditional and modern gem culture.
This article delves into the fascinating world of August's birthstones, exploring their geological origins, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and practical care. We begin by tracing their historical roots and their evolution into modern birthstone status, before examining their physical and chemical attributes in detail. The article also explores the metaphysical beliefs associated with these gemstones, and concludes with guidance on how to care for and preserve their beauty.
History and Lore of August Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical and mystical beliefs. The concept is often linked to the High Priest's breastplate, as described in the Book of Exodus, which featured twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. While the exact identities of these stones remain a matter of debate among scholars, the practice of associating gemstones with specific months and their symbolic meanings has persisted through the centuries.
For August, the earliest known birthstone is Sardonyx, a gemstone that has been mentioned in historical texts and used in jewelry since antiquity. Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony composed of alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown variety of chalcedony) and onyx (a black or white variety). This stone was highly valued in ancient Greece and Rome, where it was used in cameos, seals, and amulets. The Greeks and Romans believed that sardonyx brought strength, courage, and protection, and that it enhanced communication skills. It was also considered a symbol of victory in battle and was often carried by soldiers.
In the early 20th century, Peridot was added to the list of August birthstones. The inclusion of peridot was driven by the need to distinguish it from sardonyx, as the two stones share similar color ranges and were often confused with one another. Peridot, a gemstone formed from the mineral olivine, has a long and storied history. It was mined as early as 1500 BCE in Egypt, where it was known as the "gem of the sun." The ancient Egyptians believed that peridot had the power to ward off nightmares and bring good fortune.
In 2016, the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and the Jewelers of America (JA) officially designated Spinel as the third August birthstone, expanding the selection for those born in this month. Spinel, a gemstone that is often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its vibrant red and blue hues, has a rich history in royal and aristocratic jewelry collections. It was especially prized in the courts of Europe during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, where it was used in crowns, tiaras, and other regal ornaments.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of a gemstone provides insight into its rarity, durability, and the conditions under which it forms. Each of August's birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—has a unique formation process and is found in various regions around the world.
Peridot
Peridot is a silicate mineral belonging to the olivine group, and is formed in the Earth's mantle under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, where it can be found in basaltic rocks and lava flows. The most significant deposits of peridot are found in:
- Zabargad Island (St. John’s Island), Egypt: Historically known as the source of some of the finest peridot, this island was the only known source of the gem until the 20th century.
- Arizona, USA: The largest source of peridot in the world today, Arizona’s peridot is found in meteorite impact craters.
- Mongolia, Brazil, and China: These countries also produce notable quantities of peridot.
Peridot is known for its vivid yellow-green color, which is caused by the presence of iron in its chemical composition. It is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it suitable for use in jewelry, though it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips.
Spinel
Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide that forms in a variety of colors, including red, blue, pink, and black. The most valuable and rare varieties are the deep red and vivid blue spinels, which are often mistaken for rubies and sapphires. Spinel is formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is typically found in:
- Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Vietnam: These countries are known for producing some of the finest red spinels.
- Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Tanzania: These regions are major sources of blue and other colored spinels.
Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, which is higher than peridot, making it more durable and suitable for everyday wear. Its refractive index and brilliance are comparable to those of corundum (the mineral group that includes ruby and sapphire), and it is often used as a more affordable alternative to these more expensive gemstones.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quartz that forms in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. It is characterized by its alternating bands of red (sard) and white or black (onyx). The formation of sardonyx involves the deposition of silica-rich solutions in cavities or cracks in rock, where the mineral gradually crystallizes into its characteristic banded pattern.
Significant sources of sardonyx include:
- India, Brazil, and the United States: These countries are among the largest producers of sardonyx.
- Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia: These European countries have a long history of using sardonyx in cameo and intaglio carvings.
- Madagascar and Uruguay: These countries also produce notable quantities of sardonyx.
Sardonyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it relatively durable and suitable for use in pendants, rings, and other types of jewelry. Its affordability and striking appearance have made it a popular choice for both traditional and contemporary designs.
Gemological Properties of August Birthstones
Each of August’s birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that define its appearance, durability, and suitability for jewelry. Understanding these properties is essential for jewelers, collectors, and gem enthusiasts alike.
Peridot
- Mineral Class: Silicate (Olivine Group)
- Color: Yellow-green to olive green (due to iron content)
- Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.65 to 1.69
- Specific Gravity: 3.34
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Cleavage: No cleavage, but may have a conchoidal fracture
- Common Cuts: Round brilliant, cushion, emerald, and oval
Peridot is known for its vibrant color and relatively high refractive index, which gives it a lively appearance. It is often cut to enhance its brilliance and is available in a variety of sizes and shapes. Its iron content also means that it is sensitive to heat and may change color if exposed to high temperatures.
Spinel
- Mineral Class: Oxide
- Color: Red, blue, pink, black, and other colors
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.718 to 1.732
- Specific Gravity: 3.6 to 4.0
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Cleavage: No cleavage
- Common Cuts: Round brilliant, cushion, and emerald
Spinel is prized for its hardness and brilliance, which make it an excellent choice for everyday wear. Its refractive index is slightly higher than that of corundum, giving it a slightly more "sparkling" appearance. The most valuable spinels are the deep red and vivid blue varieties, which are often used in high-end jewelry.
Sardonyx
- Mineral Class: Silica (Chalcedony Group)
- Color: Alternating red (sard) and white or black (onyx) bands
- Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Transparency: Translucent to opaque
- Common Cuts: Cameo, intaglio, cabochon
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony that is typically carved into cameos, intaglios, and cabochons. It is not as transparent as peridot or spinel, but its banding patterns and contrasting colors make it a visually striking gemstone. It is often used in pendants and rings, and its affordability makes it a popular choice for both traditional and modern designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic and metaphysical properties, believed to influence the wearer’s health, emotions, and spiritual well-being. August’s birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—are no exception, each carrying its own unique set of meanings and beliefs.
Peridot
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy, abundance, and protection. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to have the power to ward off nightmares and bring good fortune. It was also used in amulets and talismans to protect against evil spirits and negative energies.
In modern gemology, peridot is thought to promote emotional healing, reduce stress, and enhance self-confidence. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to encourage inner peace and balance. Some sources suggest that peridot is particularly beneficial for those born in August, as it is believed to enhance their natural vitality and optimism.
Spinel
Spinel is associated with passion, love, and vitality. In ancient times, it was believed to bring courage and strength to the wearer, and was often used in amulets and talismans to protect warriors and travelers. The deep red varieties of spinel were thought to promote love and passion, making them popular in engagement rings and romantic jewelry.
In modern metaphysical practices, spinel is believed to enhance one’s energy and motivation, and to stimulate creativity and emotional expression. It is also thought to support the heart chakra and promote emotional healing. The blue varieties of spinel are associated with calmness, wisdom, and spiritual insight.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has been historically linked to strength, courage, and protection. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was believed to bring victory in battle and enhance communication skills. It was also used in amulets to ward off negative energies and to protect against misfortune.
In modern metaphysical beliefs, sardonyx is thought to enhance confidence, encourage determination, and provide emotional support during challenging times. It is also believed to promote discipline and organization, making it a popular stone for those seeking to improve their focus and productivity.
Care and Cleaning of August Birthstone Jewelry
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of August birthstone jewelry. Each of these gemstones has its own care requirements based on its hardness, sensitivity to heat, and reaction to chemicals.
Peridot
Peridot is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is also sensitive to heat, which can cause it to lose its color or become damaged.
- Cleaning: Clean peridot jewelry with a soft, lint-free cloth or a mild soap and warm water solution. Avoid using harsh chemicals or steam cleaners.
- Storage: Store peridot jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Avoid exposing it to high temperatures or direct sunlight for extended periods.
Spinel
Spinel is a harder gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it more durable than peridot. It is also more resistant to heat and chemicals.
- Cleaning: Clean spinel with a soft cloth or a mild soap and water solution. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause damage to the gemstone.
- Storage: Store spinel jewelry in a cool, dry place to prevent any potential damage from humidity or extreme temperatures.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a relatively durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7. It is also resistant to heat and chemicals, making it suitable for everyday wear.
- Cleaning: Clean sardonyx with a soft cloth or a mild soap and water solution. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners.
- Storage: Store sardonyx jewelry in a dry place to prevent any potential damage from moisture or humidity.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx—offer a fascinating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From their ancient roots in Egyptian and Roman civilizations to their modern designation as official birthstones, these gemstones have played a significant role in human culture and adornment.
Peridot, with its vibrant green color and protective properties, continues to be a symbol of positive energy and abundance. Spinel, often mistaken for ruby or sapphire, is prized for its brilliance and versatility, making it a popular choice for both traditional and contemporary jewelry. Sardonyx, with its striking banded patterns and historical significance, remains a favorite for carved cameos and pendants.
Understanding the geological, gemological, and symbolic properties of these gemstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their beauty and enduring appeal. Whether worn for their aesthetic value, their cultural significance, or their metaphysical properties, August birthstones continue to captivate and inspire.