December is a month rich in symbolism and tradition, and its birthstones reflect this depth with a selection of five distinct gemstones: Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Lapis Lazuli. Each of these gemstones carries a unique set of characteristics, from their geological origins and gemological properties to their historical significance and cultural symbolism. This article will explore these aspects in detail, offering a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
December is unique among months in that it has multiple birthstones—five to be exact—offering a diverse range of options in terms of color, price, and historical relevance. This variety allows individuals born in December to choose a stone that resonates most with their personal preferences and meanings. While the list has evolved over time, the modern December birthstones include Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Lapis Lazuli, each with its own distinct allure and significance.
These stones are not just beautiful; they carry centuries of history and meaning. Some have been revered since ancient times, while others, like Tanzanite, are relatively modern discoveries. The selection reflects a blend of traditional and contemporary choices, catering to different tastes and purposes, from engagement rings to pendants and beyond.
This article will explore the historical roots of December’s birthstones, their geological formation and sources, their gemological properties, and the cultural and metaphysical beliefs associated with each. We will also offer care and cleaning guidelines to help preserve these precious stones for years to come.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back centuries, with roots in both religious and cultural practices. One of the earliest references to birthstones can be found in the Old Testament of the Bible, specifically in the Book of Exodus, where the High Priest’s breastplate is described as being adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. This biblical connection laid the foundation for the symbolic association between gemstones and months of the year.
Over time, the list of birthstones has evolved. The modern birthstone list, as recognized by the Jewelers of America, was largely standardized in the 20th century. December's birthstones have seen the most change, reflecting shifts in cultural preferences and the availability of new gemstones.
In the 19th century, Turquoise was the primary birthstone for December, as designated by Tiffany & Co. in their "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet in 1870. By 1912, Lapis Lazuli was added as an alternative. In 1952, Zircon was included in the list, and in 2002, Tanzanite joined the ranks, marking the most recent addition to the December birthstone lineup.
The inclusion of multiple gemstones in December's list allows for a broader range of choices, accommodating different styles, budgets, and preferences. This variety also reflects the diverse cultural and historical contexts in which these gemstones have been valued.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones is formed through distinct geological processes and can be found in specific locations around the world. Understanding these origins helps to appreciate the rarity and uniqueness of each stone.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a mineral that has been present on Earth for billions of years, making it one of the oldest minerals known to science. Blue Zircon, specifically, is created through a process known as heat treatment, which enhances its natural color. Natural Zircon can appear in a variety of colors, including red, yellow, and brown, but the blue hue is achieved through controlled heating.
Zircon is found in several countries, including Australia, Brazil, and Madagascar. The most highly regarded Zircon for jewelry comes from Mozambique and Cambodia, where it is often cut into brilliant, eye-catching stones.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks and is known for its clarity and brilliance. Blue Topaz, however, is not naturally blue. The blue color is typically achieved through irradiation and heat treatment of colorless or golden Topaz. This process stabilizes the color and makes it durable for jewelry use.
The largest sources of Topaz are in Brazil, Mexico, and Nigeria. Brazil, in particular, is known for producing high-quality Topaz in various colors, including the popular blue variant.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone in the jewelry world, having been discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a variety of the mineral cushionite, and its striking blue to violet color is caused by trace amounts of vanadium and chromium.
Tanzanite is unique in that it is only found in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. Its limited geographic source and the way it is formed—through a specific combination of heat and pressure—contribute to its exclusivity.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history of use dating back thousands of years. It forms in phosphatic limestones through the interaction of water, copper, and aluminum. This process often occurs in arid environments where water percolates through the ground, depositing the necessary elements to form the gem.
Historically, Turkey was a major source of high-quality Turquoise, hence the name. However, modern sources include Nevada and Arizona in the United States, China, and Iran. The most prized Turquoise today comes from Nevada, known for its rich blue color and minimal matrix.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It also often contains calcite and pyrite, which contribute to its distinctive appearance. Lapis Lazuli forms under high pressure and temperature conditions, typically in the alkaline rocks of the Earth's crust.
The most famous and highest-quality Lapis Lazuli comes from Afghanistan, where it has been mined for over 6,000 years. Other sources include Russia, Canada, and Chile. The deep blue color of Lapis Lazuli has made it a symbol of wisdom and truth in various cultures.
Gemological Properties
Each of December’s birthstones has distinct gemological properties that contribute to its value, durability, and beauty in jewelry. These properties include hardness, refractive index, color, and clarity.
Blue Zircon
- Hardness: 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Formula: ZrSiO₄
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.00
- Color: Blue (enhanced through heat treatment)
- Clarity: Often has inclusions, which are characteristic of natural Zircon
Zircon is known for its high dispersion, giving it a "fire" similar to that of a diamond. Its refractive index is also among the highest of any gemstone, contributing to its brilliance.
Blue Topaz
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.63
- Color: Blue (achieved through irradiation and heat)
- Clarity: Generally clear, with minimal inclusions
Blue Topaz is a durable gemstone, making it suitable for everyday wear. Its clarity and color make it a popular choice for engagement rings and pendants.
Tanzanite
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Formula: CaAl₆(SiO₄)₃(OH)₁₂
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.701
- Color: Blue to violet (due to vanadium and chromium)
- Clarity: Often has inclusions, which are common in natural Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it can display three different colors depending on the angle of light. This property adds to its visual appeal.
Turquoise
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Formula: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65
- Color: Blue-green (varies depending on the presence of copper and iron)
- Clarity: Often has visible inclusions and matrix (veins of brown or black)
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone and requires careful handling. Its matrix—the natural veining—can add character and uniqueness to each stone.
Lapis Lazuli
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Formula: (Na,Ca)₈(AlSiO₄)₆(S,SO₄,Cl)₁–₂
- Refractive Index: 1.62–1.64
- Color: Deep blue (from lazurite), with white calcite and golden pyrite
- Clarity: Not a gemstone in the traditional sense; contains visible inclusions
Lapis Lazuli is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock, composed of lazurite, calcite, and pyrite. Its unique appearance and historical significance make it a popular choice for jewelry and decorative items.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December’s birthstones carry a rich tapestry of symbolism and metaphysical beliefs across different cultures and eras. These beliefs, while not scientifically verified, have been passed down through generations and continue to influence the perception and use of these gemstones in jewelry and healing practices.
Blue Zircon
Zircon has long been associated with protection and divine favor. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off negative energy and bring good fortune. The blue variant, in particular, is associated with clarity of thought and emotional balance. Some cultures believe that Zircon can enhance spiritual awareness and facilitate communication with higher realms.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is often linked to courage, strength, and wisdom. In ancient Greece, it was believed to increase strength and prevent magical attacks. Blue Topaz is associated with calmness and serenity, making it a popular stone for those seeking peace of mind. Some metaphysical traditions suggest that it can enhance creativity and inspire new ideas.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is considered a stone of transformation and healing. It is believed to facilitate emotional release and promote inner peace. Some sources suggest that it can help in overcoming grief and anxiety, making it a popular choice for those undergoing personal or emotional changes. It is also associated with spiritual growth and intuition.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the most widely recognized and historically significant birthstones. It has been used for thousands of years as a protective talisman and a symbol of good luck. In Native American cultures, it was believed to ward off illness and bring prosperity. It is also associated with healing, especially for the throat and voice, and is often used in meditation practices.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. In ancient Egypt, it was worn by pharaohs and royalty as a symbol of power and knowledge. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. Some metaphysical traditions suggest that it can promote calmness, enhance communication, and increase self-awareness.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has unique requirements based on its hardness, composition, and sensitivity to environmental factors.
Blue Zircon
- Hardness: 6–7.5 (relatively durable)
- Care Tips:
- Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and high heat.
- Clean with warm water and a soft cloth.
- Store in a dry place, away from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Zircon is sensitive to heat, so it should be cleaned gently and stored carefully.
Blue Topaz
- Hardness: 8 (very durable)
- Care Tips:
- Can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
- Avoid exposure to prolonged sunlight, as it can cause fading.
- Store in a soft pouch to prevent scratches.
Topaz is a tough gemstone and is suitable for everyday wear when properly cared for.
Tanzanite
- Hardness: 6–7 (moderate durability)
- Care Tips:
- Avoid exposure to high heat and direct sunlight.
- Clean with mild soap and water.
- Store in a soft cloth or pouch to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and light, so it should be handled with care.
Turquoise
- Hardness: 5–6 (relatively soft)
- Care Tips:
- Avoid exposure to water, chemicals, and oils.
- Clean with a dry or slightly damp cloth.
- Store in a cool, dry place.
Turquoise is porous and can absorb liquids, so it should be kept away from moisture and lotions.
Lapis Lazuli
- Hardness: 5–6 (relatively soft)
- Care Tips:
- Avoid exposure to water and chemicals.
- Clean with a dry cloth.
- Store in a dry, cool place.
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock and can be easily damaged by moisture and heat.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Lapis Lazuli—offer a rich and diverse selection for those born in this month. Each stone has its own unique history, geological origin, and cultural significance, making them more than just beautiful gems but also meaningful symbols.
From the ancient use of Turquoise as a protective talisman to the modern discovery of Tanzanite in Tanzania, these gemstones have played a significant role in human history and continue to be cherished in jewelry and personal adornment. Their gemological properties, such as hardness, refractive index, and color, contribute to their aesthetic appeal and practicality in jewelry.
Understanding the symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with these stones adds another layer of meaning to their use in jewelry and personal collections. Whether chosen for their beauty, their historical significance, or their perceived spiritual properties, December’s birthstones offer something for everyone.
Proper care and handling are essential to preserving the beauty of these gemstones. By following recommended cleaning and storage practices, wearers can ensure that their December birthstones remain vibrant and valuable for years to come.