March, the third month of the year, symbolizes new beginnings and the gradual emergence from the cold of winter into the promise of spring. For those born in this month, there is a unique distinction: March has two official birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone. These two gemstones, though vastly different in appearance and symbolism, share a common thread of protection, strength, and historical significance. This duality raises an intriguing question: why does March have two birthstones? To understand this, we must explore their geological origins, cultural histories, and the evolution of the birthstone tradition itself.
This article delves into the rich lore and gemological properties of aquamarine and bloodstone, their roles in ancient and modern traditions, and the historical reasons behind their designation as the official March birthstones. We will examine how these stones came to represent the month, what they symbolize, and why having two options reflects the dynamic and evolving nature of birthstone traditions.
History and Lore of March and Its Birthstones
The month of March holds a special place in history, both culturally and astronomically. In ancient Rome, March was the first month of the year in the early Roman calendar before January and February were added. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and marked the beginning of the military campaigning season. The month also signified the start of the agricultural year and was associated with renewal and growth. The spring equinox, which occurs on or around March 20, was a time of celebration and reflection in many ancient cultures.
The designation of aquamarine and bloodstone as the birthstones of March is deeply rooted in their historical associations with protection and vitality. Aquamarine, with its serene blue-green hues, was long believed to offer protection to sailors and promote calm seas. Bloodstone, named for its distinctive red flecks resembling blood, was thought to bestow strength, vitality, and even healing properties.
These beliefs are reflected in the gemstone tradition, which evolved over centuries. The idea of assigning gemstones to each month is not modern—it has roots in ancient practices where stones were believed to carry divine or mystical powers. The earliest known record of this practice is the Jewel of the Twelve Stones, mentioned in the biblical Book of Exodus, which described a breastplate adorned with twelve gems, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these associations were adapted to fit the months of the Gregorian calendar and the zodiac signs.
In the modern era, the standardization of birthstones occurred in 1912 when the National Association of Jewelers (now the Jewelers of America) formalized the list of birthstones. This list was updated in 1952 and again in 2002 to include more accessible and newly discovered gemstones. The inclusion of multiple stones for certain months, such as March, was not arbitrary but rather a reflection of practicality and evolving tastes in jewelry design.
Geological Formation and Sources
To understand the significance of aquamarine and bloodstone, we must first explore their geological origins and where they are found.
Aquamarine: A Mineral of the Sea
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, which also includes emerald. The name "aquamarine" comes from the Latin words aqua (water) and mare (sea), reflecting its color, which ranges from pale blue to deep greenish-blue. The color is due to trace amounts of iron within the crystal structure. Aquamarine is typically found in granite pegmatites, a type of igneous rock, where it forms in large, well-developed crystals.
Major sources of aquamarine include:
- Brazil (especially the state of Minas Gerais): Known for producing some of the finest and largest aquamarine crystals.
- Nigeria: A significant source of high-quality aquamarine in recent years.
- Madagascar: Produces aquamarine with rich blue tones.
- United States (Colorado, New Mexico): Smaller deposits that yield fine-quality stones.
- Zambia and Pakistan: Also known for aquamarine production.
Aquamarine is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5–8, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry applications. It is typically cut in a faceted style to highlight its clarity and color.
Bloodstone: A Stone of Strength and Vitality
Bloodstone is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is most commonly found in a dark green base with red spots or flecks of iron oxide, which give it its distinctive appearance. The name "bloodstone" comes from these red markings, which resemble drops of blood.
The formation of bloodstone occurs in volcanic rock, where chalcedony fills cracks and voids. The iron oxide is introduced through impurities or chemical reactions during the stone’s formation.
Key sources of bloodstone include:
- India (particularly in the state of Rajasthan): A major historical and contemporary source of bloodstone.
- United States (California, New Mexico, and Arizona): Known for producing high-quality bloodstone.
- Germany (Bavaria): A traditional source of the stone.
- Australia and Brazil: Also produce bloodstone, though in smaller quantities.
Bloodstone has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, which makes it durable but still requires careful handling. It is typically cut as a cabochon, a smooth, rounded shape without facets, to showcase its color and pattern.
Gemological Properties of March Birthstones
Understanding the gemological properties of aquamarine and bloodstone provides insight into their durability, appearance, and suitability for jewelry.
Aquamarine
- Chemical Formula: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
- Color: Ranges from pale blue to deep greenish-blue, depending on the concentration of iron.
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7.5–8
- Refractive Index: 1.56–1.60
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Specific Gravity: 2.66–2.83
- Inclusions: Often clear or lightly included, with occasional needle-like inclusions or "horsetail" inclusions (a common feature in beryl).
- Cut: Typically faceted to enhance brilliance and clarity.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Origin: Commonly found in granite pegmatites in Brazil, Nigeria, and Madagascar.
Aquamarine is prized for its calm, serene appearance and is often used in rings, pendants, and earrings. Its durability makes it suitable for everyday wear, though it should be protected from sharp impacts.
Bloodstone
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (silica) with iron oxide inclusions
- Color: Dark green base with red flecks of iron oxide
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5–7
- Refractive Index: 1.54–1.55
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous
- Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64
- Inclusions: Typically opaque with visible red spots or flecks
- Cut: Usually cut as a cabochon to display its color and pattern
- Transparency: Opaque
- Origin: Found in volcanic rock in India, the United States, and Germany
Bloodstone is valued for its unique appearance and symbolic meaning. It is often used in rings, pendants, and beads in jewelry. While durable, it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and abrasions.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Luster | Transparency | Common Uses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aquamarine | Blue-green | 7.5–8 | Vitreous | Transparent | Rings, pendants, earrings |
| Bloodstone | Green with red flecks | 6.5–7 | Waxy to vitreous | Opaque | Rings, pendants, beads |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both aquamarine and bloodstone carry rich symbolic and metaphysical meanings, which have been passed down through centuries of cultural traditions.
Aquamarine: The Sailor's Stone
Aquamarine has long been associated with calmness, protection, and healing. Ancient mariners believed that aquamarine could calm the seas and protect sailors from storms, which is why it was often carried on long voyages. It was also believed to promote peace and happiness in marriage, making it a popular choice for wedding rings and engagement jewelry.
In ancient times, aquamarine was thought to protect the wearer from poisoning and illness, and it was used in amulets and talismans for protection in battle and litigation. Some cultures believed that aquamarine could enhance intellectual clarity and communication, making it a stone of wisdom and truth.
In modern metaphysical practices, aquamarine is associated with emotional healing, soothing anxiety, and promoting inner peace. It is also believed to help with self-expression and confidence, making it a popular choice for those who struggle with public speaking or communication.
Bloodstone: The Stone of Strength and Healing
Bloodstone is one of the oldest and most revered gemstones in history. It was believed to have healing properties, particularly for blood disorders and injuries. In ancient times, it was used in charms and amulets to promote strength and vitality.
The Babylonians used bloodstone in charms for protection and invincibility, while the Egyptians believed it could grant invisibility and strength to its wearer. Some legends suggest that bloodstone was formed from Christ’s blood when it fell from the cross, giving it a spiritual and sacred significance.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was worn as a lucky charm and believed to help warriors gain courage and strength in battle. It was also used in medical practices for treating fevers and blood-related ailments.
Modern metaphysical beliefs associate bloodstone with grounding, protection, and emotional balance. It is believed to help with detoxification, mental clarity, and emotional strength, making it a powerful stone for those who need to recharge and renew their energy.
Why March Has Two Birthstones: Historical and Practical Reasons
The reason March has two birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—is rooted in both historical tradition and practical considerations in the gemstone industry.
Historical Context
The practice of assigning gemstones to months of the year dates back to ancient civilizations, including the Babylonians, Greeks, and Romans. These cultures believed that gemstones had magical and protective properties and that wearing a specific stone could enhance one's well-being and fortune.
In the early 20th century, the National Association of Jewelers (now the Jewelers of America) sought to standardize the list of birthstones to make them more accessible and marketable. This effort led to the 1912 standardization, which included aquamarine and bloodstone as the March birthstones.
The choice of aquamarine and bloodstone for March was not random but rather a reflection of their historical significance and symbolic meanings. Aquamarine, with its serene blue hues, symbolizes calmness, purity, and protection, while bloodstone, with its dark green base and red flecks, represents strength, vitality, and healing. These contrasting yet complementary properties make them ideal for a month associated with new beginnings and renewal.
Practical Considerations
In addition to historical tradition, the availability and affordability of gemstones also played a role in the decision to assign multiple stones to certain months. Aquamarine and bloodstone are both relatively abundant and affordable, making them accessible to a wide range of consumers.
The 1952 and 2002 updates to the birthstone list further reflected changing tastes and preferences in the jewelry industry. For example, Tanzanite was added to December in 2002 to reflect the discovery of new gemstone varieties. Similarly, bloodstone was added to March to expand the options available to consumers and to honor the stone's long-standing reputation.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for certain months also allows for greater flexibility in jewelry design. Aquamarine and bloodstone can be used in a wide range of styles, from classical and elegant to modern and bold, making them versatile choices for March birthdays.
Care and Cleaning of March Birthstones
To ensure the longevity and beauty of aquamarine and bloodstone, it is important to follow proper care and cleaning practices.
Aquamarine
- Cleaning: Aquamarine can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft brush to gently remove dirt and debris. It can also be ultrasonically cleaned, as it is relatively hard and durable.
- Storage: Store aquamarine in a separate compartment to avoid scratches from harder gemstones. It is best to store it in a soft cloth or pouch to protect its faceted surface.
- Avoid: Avoid exposing aquamarine to high heat or sudden temperature changes, as this can cause fractures or damage. Also, avoid harsh chemicals such as bleach or ammonia, which can alter its color or damage its surface.
Bloodstone
- Cleaning: Bloodstone can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush to remove dirt and grime. It can also be polished with a soft cloth to restore its luster.
- Storage: Store bloodstone in a separate compartment to prevent scratches from other gemstones. It is best to store it in a soft cloth or pouch to protect its opaque surface.
- Avoid: Avoid exposing bloodstone to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as it is softer than aquamarine and more prone to scratches and abrasions. Also, avoid excessive polishing, as this can remove the red flecks and alter its appearance.
Conclusion
The duality of March’s birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—reflects the rich history and evolving nature of gemstone traditions. These two gemstones, though vastly different in appearance, share a common theme of protection, strength, and renewal, making them ideal for a month associated with new beginnings and hope.
Aquamarine, with its calm, serene blue hues, symbolizes purity, peace, and protection, while bloodstone, with its dark green base and red flecks, represents strength, vitality, and healing. Their contrasting yet complementary properties highlight the depth and diversity of gemstone symbolism.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for certain months, including March, is a practical and historical decision that reflects the availability, affordability, and symbolic significance of these gemstones. It also allows for greater flexibility in jewelry design, enabling consumers to choose a stone that best represents their personality and style.
Whether you are drawn to the serene beauty of aquamarine or the powerful presence of bloodstone, both stones offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and gemological excellence. As March birthdays continue to be celebrated, the dual birthstone tradition remains a testament to the enduring appeal and significance of gemstones in human culture.