The concept of birthstones—gemstones associated with the months of the year—has a rich historical and cultural significance that has endured for centuries. These gems are not only prized for their beauty and rarity but also for the symbolic meanings and traditions they carry. Today, birthstones are popular in jewelry, often given as gifts to mark birthdays, anniversaries, or as personal adornments. The modern birthstone list, as established by the jewelry industry, assigns one or more gemstones to each month, with each stone reflecting the unique characteristics of its month.
This article delves into the complete set of monthly birthstones, as defined by the modern list. We will explore the gemstone assigned to each month, its historical background, its physical and chemical properties, and the symbolism associated with it. In addition, we will highlight any additions or changes that have been made to the list over time, reflecting the evolving trends and values of the gemstone industry.
History and Lore of Birthstones
The origins of birthstones trace back to ancient times, with the earliest recorded reference found in the biblical story of the Breastplate of Aaron. According to the Book of Exodus, Aaron, the brother of Moses, wore a ceremonial breastplate adorned with 12 gemstones, each representing one of the 12 tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones were believed to be linked not only to the tribes but also to the 12 months of the year and the zodiac signs. This connection laid the foundation for the development of the modern birthstone system.
The Jewish historian Josephus, writing in the first century A.D., further reinforced the link between the stones and the zodiac, suggesting that each stone was associated with a specific constellation. However, it was not until the 18th century that birthstones began to be widely recognized as symbols of the months of the year. The modern list was formalized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now known as Jewelers of America), which established a standardized set of birthstones that has remained largely unchanged since that time.
In the 20th century, the list has been updated to include new gemstones that have gained popularity. For instance, Alexandrite was added for June in 1952, and spinel was added for August in 2016. These additions reflect the changing tastes and the discovery of new gemstones that have captured the imagination of gemstone enthusiasts and jewelers alike.
Modern Birthstone Chart
The modern list of birthstones is maintained by the jewelry industry and is recognized as the official guide for associating gemstones with the months of the year. Each month is assigned one or more gemstones, and these stones are often chosen for their beauty, rarity, and symbolic meaning. Below is the complete list of modern birthstones by month:
| Month | Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|
| January | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine, Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond, Rock Crystal |
| May | Emerald, Chrysoprase |
| June | Pearl, Alexandrite, Moonstone |
| July | Ruby, Carnelian, Onyx |
| August | Peridot, Spinel, Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire |
| October | Opal, Tourmaline |
| November | Topaz, Citrine |
| December | Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli |
This list includes both classic gemstones and newer additions that have been recognized for their significance in the modern jewelry market. For example, Tanzanite, a relatively new gemstone discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania, was added to the December birthstone list to reflect its growing popularity and the unique properties that make it a desirable choice for jewelry.
January Birthstone – Garnet
The January birthstone is Garnet, a gemstone that is known for its deep red color, though it can also be found in a variety of other colors, including green, orange, and purple. Garnet is a group of silicate minerals that share a common crystal structure but differ in their chemical composition. The most well-known varieties include pyrope, almandine, spessartine, andradite, and grossular. Each of these varieties exhibits different colors and properties, making garnet one of the most diverse gemstone groups.
Garnet has a long history of use in jewelry and is believed to have been worn by ancient Egyptians as a symbol of protection and vitality. In the Victorian era, garnet was a popular gemstone used in fine jewelry and was often set in silver to create elegant and enduring pieces. The name "garnet" is derived from the Latin word granatus, meaning "pomegranate," due to the stone's resemblance to the bright red seeds of the pomegranate fruit.
Garnet is also associated with the second wedding anniversary and is believed to bring good fortune and health to the wearer. It is a stone of transformation, symbolizing the ability to move forward and embrace new opportunities. Garnet is found in various parts of the world, including India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and the United States, where it is mined from both alluvial deposits and metamorphic rocks.
February Birthstone – Amethyst
The February birthstone is Amethyst, a violet-colored variety of quartz that is highly prized for its beauty and spiritual significance. Amethyst gets its color from trace amounts of iron and other elements within the crystal structure of quartz. It is one of the most popular gemstones in the world and has been used in jewelry for centuries. Amethyst is known for its calming properties and is often used in meditation and spiritual practices.
In ancient times, amethyst was believed to have protective qualities and was worn to ward off drunkenness and negative emotions. The name "amethyst" comes from the Greek word amethystos, meaning "not drunken," a reference to the belief that the stone could prevent intoxication. Amethyst was also used in the crowns and regalia of royalty, symbolizing power and divine favor.
Amethyst is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia, and Russia. It is a relatively affordable gemstone, making it a popular choice for everyday jewelry. Amethyst is associated with the fourth wedding anniversary and is believed to bring clarity, peace, and emotional stability to the wearer. It is also a stone of courage and is believed to help individuals overcome fear and anxiety.
March Birthstone – Aquamarine and Bloodstone
The March birthstone is represented by two gemstones: Aquamarine and Bloodstone. Aquamarine is a blue to greenish-blue variety of beryl, known for its calm and soothing color. It is a transparent to translucent gemstone that is often used in fine jewelry. Aquamarine is associated with the sea and is believed to bring protection to sailors and travelers. It is also believed to promote courage and confidence.
Aquamarine is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Madagascar, and Nigeria. It is a relatively durable gemstone with a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in a variety of jewelry settings. Aquamarine is associated with the 19th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer.
Bloodstone, the other birthstone for March, is a type of jasper that is characterized by its green color and red specks, which resemble drops of blood. Bloodstone has a long history of use in jewelry and was often worn by warriors for protection in battle. It is believed to have healing properties and is associated with strength, vitality, and courage.
Bloodstone is found in various parts of the world, including India, Brazil, and the United States. It is a relatively affordable gemstone and is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs. Bloodstone is associated with the 13th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring physical and emotional strength to the wearer.
April Birthstone – Diamond and Rock Crystal
The April birthstone is represented by two gemstones: Diamond and Rock Crystal. Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth and is one of the most valuable and sought-after gemstones in the world. It is composed of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal lattice and is known for its brilliance, fire, and durability. Diamond is a symbol of love, commitment, and eternal strength.
Diamond is found in various parts of the world, including South Africa, Russia, Canada, and Australia. It is a gemstone of great significance in the jewelry industry and is often used in engagement rings, wedding bands, and other fine jewelry pieces. Diamond is associated with the 60th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring clarity, truth, and inner strength to the wearer.
Rock Crystal, the other birthstone for April, is a transparent variety of quartz that is known for its clarity and purity. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of quartz, such as amplifying energy, promoting healing, and enhancing clarity of thought. Rock crystal is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Madagascar, and the United States.
Rock crystal is associated with the 15th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring balance, harmony, and emotional stability to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
May Birthstone – Emerald and Chrysoprase
The May birthstone is represented by two gemstones: Emerald and Chrysoprase. Emerald is a green variety of beryl that is known for its rich color and high value. It is one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world and is often used in fine jewelry. Emerald is associated with love, passion, and fertility and is believed to bring wisdom, intuition, and emotional healing to the wearer.
Emerald is found in various parts of the world, including Colombia, Brazil, and Zambia. It is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in a variety of jewelry settings. Emerald is associated with the 55th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer.
Chrysoprase is the other birthstone for May and is a green variety of chalcedony that is known for its vibrant color and smooth texture. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of chalcedony, such as promoting healing, enhancing emotional stability, and encouraging positive thinking. Chrysoprase is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, and the United States.
Chrysoprase is associated with the 35th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
June Birthstone – Pearl, Alexandrite, and Moonstone
The June birthstone is represented by three gemstones: Pearl, Alexandrite, and Moonstone. Pearl is a natural gemstone formed within the soft tissue of certain mollusks, such as oysters and mussels. It is one of the few gemstones that are not minerals but are organic in origin. Pearl is known for its smooth texture, iridescent luster, and delicate beauty. It is a symbol of purity, wisdom, and innocence and is often associated with the concept of love and new beginnings.
Pearl is found in various parts of the world, including the Persian Gulf, Japan, and the Philippines. It is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 2.5 to 4.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in a variety of jewelry settings. Pearl is associated with the 30th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional stability and inner peace to the wearer.
Alexandrite is the other birthstone for June and is a rare and valuable gemstone that is known for its color change property. It is a variety of chrysoberyl that changes color from green in daylight to red under incandescent light. Alexandrite is a highly sought-after gemstone and is often used in fine jewelry. It is a symbol of transformation, intuition, and spiritual growth and is believed to bring good fortune and emotional balance to the wearer.
Alexandrite is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. It is a relatively hard gemstone with a hardness of 8.5 to 9 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in a variety of jewelry settings. Alexandrite is associated with the 55th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer.
Moonstone is the third birthstone for June and is a type of feldspar that is known for its milky white color and iridescent sheen. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of feldspar, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Moonstone is found in various parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, India, and the United States.
Moonstone is associated with the 10th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
July Birthstone – Ruby, Carnelian, and Onyx
The July birthstone is represented by three gemstones: Ruby, Carnelian, and Onyx. Ruby is a red variety of corundum that is known for its rich color and high value. It is one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world and is often used in fine jewelry. Ruby is a symbol of love, passion, and vitality and is believed to bring courage, strength, and emotional stability to the wearer.
Ruby is found in various parts of the world, including Myanmar, Thailand, and India. It is a relatively hard gemstone with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in a variety of jewelry settings. Ruby is associated with the 40th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer.
Carnelian is the other birthstone for July and is a red to orange variety of chalcedony that is known for its vibrant color and smooth texture. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of chalcedony, such as promoting healing, enhancing emotional stability, and encouraging positive thinking. Carnelian is found in various parts of the world, including India, Brazil, and the United States.
Carnelian is associated with the 17th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Onyx is the third birthstone for July and is a black or white variety of chalcedony that is known for its smooth texture and high polish. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of chalcedony, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Onyx is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, India, and the United States.
Onyx is associated with the 14th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
August Birthstone – Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx
The August birthstone is represented by three gemstones: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx. Peridot is a green variety of olivine that is known for its vibrant color and high luster. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of olivine, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Peridot is found in various parts of the world, including the United States, China, and Pakistan.
Peridot is associated with the 16th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Spinel is the other birthstone for August and is a red to pink variety of spinel that is known for its high luster and vibrant color. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of spinel, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Spinel is found in various parts of the world, including Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania.
Spinel is associated with the 20th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Sardonyx is the third birthstone for August and is a type of chalcedony that is known for its banded patterns of red and white. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of chalcedony, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Sardonyx is found in various parts of the world, including India, Brazil, and the United States.
Sardonyx is associated with the 23rd wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
September Birthstone – Sapphire
The September birthstone is Sapphire, a blue variety of corundum that is known for its rich color and high value. It is one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world and is often used in fine jewelry. Sapphire is a symbol of wisdom, truth, and loyalty and is believed to bring clarity, intuition, and emotional balance to the wearer.
Sapphire is found in various parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Australia. It is a relatively hard gemstone with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in a variety of jewelry settings. Sapphire is associated with the 45th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional stability and inner peace to the wearer.
Sapphire is also available in a range of colors, including pink, yellow, and green, though the blue variety is the most well-known and widely used. These colored sapphires are known as "fancy sapphires" and are highly valued for their unique beauty and rarity.
October Birthstone – Opal and Tourmaline
The October birthstone is represented by two gemstones: Opal and Tourmaline. Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica that is known for its unique play-of-color and iridescent luster. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of opal, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Opal is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, and the United States.
Opal is associated with the 14th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Tourmaline is the other birthstone for October and is a group of silicate minerals that are known for their wide range of colors and properties. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of tourmaline, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Tourmaline is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, India, and the United States.
Tourmaline is associated with the 80th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
November Birthstone – Topaz and Citrine
The November birthstone is represented by two gemstones: Topaz and Citrine. Topaz is a silicate mineral that is known for its wide range of colors, including yellow, orange, pink, and blue. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of topaz, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, India, and the United States.
Topaz is associated with the 11th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Citrine is the other birthstone for November and is a yellow to orange variety of quartz that is known for its vibrant color and high luster. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of quartz, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Citrine is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States.
Citrine is associated with the 13th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
December Birthstone – Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, and Lapis Lazuli
The December birthstone is represented by four gemstones: Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, and Lapis Lazuli. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper that is known for its blue to green color and unique patterns. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of turquoise, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Turquoise is found in various parts of the world, including the United States, China, and Egypt.
Turquoise is associated with the 11th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Blue Zircon is the other birthstone for December and is a blue variety of zircon that is known for its high luster and vibrant color. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of zircon, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Blue Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, and the United States.
Blue Zircon is associated with the 40th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Tanzanite is the third birthstone for December and is a blue to violet variety of zoisite that is known for its unique color and high luster. It is a relatively new gemstone that was discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s and has since become a popular choice for jewelry. Tanzanite is associated with the properties of zoisite, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. It is found only in Tanzania, making it a rare and valuable gemstone.
Tanzanite is associated with the 24th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional strength and vitality to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Lapis Lazuli is the fourth birthstone for December and is a metamorphic rock that is known for its deep blue color and golden flecks. It is a popular gemstone used in jewelry and is often associated with the properties of lapis lazuli, such as promoting emotional stability, enhancing intuition, and encouraging positive thinking. Lapis lazuli is found in various parts of the world, including Afghanistan, Chile, and Russia.
Lapis lazuli is associated with the 12th wedding anniversary and is believed to bring emotional balance and inner peace to the wearer. It is a versatile gemstone that is often used in both traditional and modern jewelry designs.
Conclusion
The modern monthly birthstone list is a fascinating reflection of the historical, cultural, and geological significance of gemstones. Each gemstone associated with a month carries its own unique properties, symbolism, and historical background, making it a meaningful and personal choice for jewelry and gifts. The evolution of the birthstone list, with the addition of new gemstones over time, highlights the dynamic nature of the gemstone industry and the enduring appeal of these precious stones. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, understanding the significance of birthstones can deepen your appreciation for the beauty and value of these natural wonders.