December, a month steeped in cold beauty and holiday cheer, is also celebrated in the world of gemology for its rich selection of birthstones. Unlike many months that feature a single birthstone, December offers a diverse array of gemstones: blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli. Each of these stones carries a unique history, distinct gemological properties, and rich symbolic meanings that reflect the spirit of the season.
This article explores the multifaceted world of December birthstones, providing in-depth insights into their geological origins, cultural significance, and practical care tips. Whether you're a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this guide will deepen your appreciation for the natural wonders that make December a standout month in the world of birthstones.
History and Lore
Ancient Roots of Turquoise
Turquoise has been cherished for thousands of years, with its use dating back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Persia, and the Americas. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was considered a sacred stone and was often used in jewelry and amulets. It was believed to offer protection and was associated with the gods. The stone was also used in burial rites, as it was thought to preserve the body and soul of the deceased.
In the Americas, turquoise held deep spiritual significance among Native American tribes. It was used in ceremonies and as a symbol of healing and protection. The stone was often inlaid into jewelry and ceremonial objects, reflecting its importance in both spiritual and daily life.
Turquoise's role as a birthstone is deeply rooted in its long history of use across different cultures. Its association with protection and communication has made it a cherished gemstone for December-born individuals.
Zircon's Timeless Presence
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some crystals dating back to over four billion years. Its ancient origins have made it a subject of fascination for geologists and gemologists alike. In ancient times, zircon was known by various names, including "hyacinth," due to its fiery colors and brilliance.
Zircon has been used in jewelry for centuries, particularly in the Middle East and Asia. Its refractive properties allow it to display a brilliant fire, making it a sought-after gemstone. Zircon was especially popular during the Victorian era, when it was used in intricate jewelry designs.
In modern times, zircon has become a key December birthstone. Its range of colors, particularly the blue and colorless varieties, has made it a versatile gemstone that appeals to a wide audience. Its historical and geological significance adds to its allure, making it a meaningful choice for those born in December.
Tanzanite's Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the December birthstone list, having been discovered in the 1960s in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This gemstone is unique in that it is found only in this region, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
The discovery of tanzanite was accidental, as miners initially unearthed it as a different mineral. The gemstone was later identified and named after its country of origin. Tanzanite quickly gained popularity due to its striking blue to violet color and its association with exclusivity and rarity.
As a December birthstone, tanzanite has captured the imagination of gemstone lovers. Its vivid color and limited availability make it a symbol of uniqueness and individuality, aligning with the values of those born in December.
Blue Topaz's Rising Popularity
Blue topaz has been recognized as a December birthstone in recent years, adding to the month's already diverse selection. While topaz has been used in jewelry for centuries, its blue variety has gained prominence in the modern era. The blue coloration is typically achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, which enhance the natural properties of the stone.
Topaz has been associated with various symbolic meanings across different cultures. It was believed to bring good fortune and protect the wearer from harm. In medieval times, topaz was also thought to have healing properties and was used in amulets and talismans.
The inclusion of blue topaz as a December birthstone reflects the evolving nature of gemstone preferences and the importance of color and symbolism in choosing a birthstone. Its serene blue hue and affordability make it a popular choice for those seeking a December gemstone.
Lapis Lazuli's Royal Connections
Lapis lazuli is another gemstone with a rich history that has contributed to its status as a December birthstone. This deep blue stone has been used for thousands of years, with evidence of its use in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley civilization.
Lapis lazuli was highly valued in ancient Egypt, where it was used to create jewelry, amulets, and even inks. It was associated with the goddess Isis and was used in the adornment of pharaohs and other high-ranking individuals. The stone was also used in religious and ceremonial contexts, reflecting its spiritual significance.
In medieval Europe, lapis lazuli was used in illuminated manuscripts and as a pigment for blue paints. Its vibrant color and beauty made it a prized material for artists and craftsmen.
As a December birthstone, lapis lazuli continues to be appreciated for its deep blue color and historical significance. Its association with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight makes it a meaningful choice for those born in December.
Geological Formation and Sources
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the topaz mineral, which is composed of aluminum silicate with trace amounts of fluorine. The blue coloration is typically achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, which alter the stone's natural properties. Topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria. Brazil is particularly known for producing high-quality blue topaz, which is used in a wide range of jewelry applications.
The formation of topaz occurs in igneous rocks, particularly in pegmatites and rhyolites. These environments provide the necessary conditions for the crystallization of topaz, allowing it to grow in well-formed crystals. The gemstone's hardness and durability make it suitable for everyday wear, particularly in rings and pendants.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral composed of copper and aluminum. It forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, typically in arid regions. The United States, particularly Nevada and Arizona, is one of the most significant sources of turquoise. Other notable sources include China, Iran, and Egypt.
The formation of turquoise is a result of the interaction between water and minerals in the Earth's crust. The presence of copper and aluminum in the environment is crucial for the development of turquoise. The stone's color can vary from deep blue to green, depending on the concentration of these elements and the presence of impurities such as iron and chromium.
Turquoise is known for its porous nature, which allows it to absorb oils and other substances. This characteristic requires special care to maintain the stone's beauty and integrity.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that forms in a variety of geological environments. It is commonly found in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant fire. Zircon is found in countries such as Cambodia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka, where it is mined for both gemstone and industrial uses.
The formation of zircon occurs over long periods, often in the presence of high heat and pressure. This process allows the mineral to develop its unique properties, including its range of colors. Zircon can be found in various colors, including blue, colorless, yellow, and red, with blue zircon being the most popular as a December birthstone.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite that is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The gemstone's formation is a result of specific geological conditions, including the presence of vanadium and the right temperature and pressure levels. The Merelani Hills are the only known source of tanzanite, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
The formation of tanzanite involves the transformation of zoisite through heat and pressure, resulting in the development of its characteristic blue to violet color. The gemstone is typically heat-treated to enhance its color, making it more vibrant and desirable.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. It forms in the Earth's crust through the metamorphism of sodium-rich volcanic rock. Afghanistan is the most significant source of high-quality lapis lazuli, with the Badakhshan region being particularly renowned for its production.
The formation of lapis lazuli requires specific conditions, including high pressure and temperature. The presence of lazurite is essential for the development of the deep blue color that characterizes the stone. The inclusion of other minerals such as pyrite and calcite can affect the appearance of lapis lazuli, adding to its visual appeal.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Clarity | Cut Types |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Blue | 8 | Good | Brilliant, Round, Princess |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Blue to Green | 5-6 | Poor | Cabochon, Bead, Inlay |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | Blue, Colorless, Yellow | 6-7.5 | Good | Brilliant, Round, Faceted |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | Blue to Violet | 6-7 | Good | Cushion, Oval, Emerald |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite, Sodalite, Calcite | Deep Blue | 5-6 | Poor | Cabochon, Bead, Inlay |
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is known for its vibrant blue color and clarity. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear. The gemstone is typically cut in brilliant or round cuts to enhance its fire and brilliance. Blue topaz is also available in other cuts, such as princess and oval, which highlight its color and sparkle.
Turquoise
Turquoise is characterized by its blue to green color and its porous nature. It has a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft and prone to scratching. Turquoise is typically cut in cabochon or bead forms to minimize the risk of damage. The stone is also used in inlay work, where it is combined with other materials to create intricate designs.
Zircon
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant fire. It has a hardness of 6-7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry applications. Zircon is available in a range of colors, with blue zircon being the most popular as a December birthstone. The gemstone is typically cut in brilliant or round cuts to enhance its fire and sparkle.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite that is known for its striking blue to violet color. It has a hardness of 6-7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable. Tanzanite is typically cut in cushion, oval, or emerald cuts to enhance its color and clarity. The gemstone's unique color and limited availability make it a highly sought-after gemstone.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock known for its deep blue color and the presence of other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. It has a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft. Lapis lazuli is typically cut in cabochon or bead forms to minimize the risk of damage. The stone is also used in inlay work, where it is combined with other materials to create intricate designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, communication, and emotional balance. It is believed to enhance the ability to express thoughts and emotions clearly, making it a popular choice for those who value communication. The gemstone is also thought to promote a sense of serenity and inner peace, making it a meaningful choice for those seeking emotional stability.
Turquoise
Turquoise is believed to offer protection, promote self-expression, and encourage compassion. It is considered a stone of communication and is often used in meditation and healing practices. The gemstone is also associated with good fortune and is believed to bring luck and prosperity to the wearer.
Zircon
Zircon is thought to enhance mental clarity, intuition, and grounding. It is believed to help the wearer stay focused and centered, making it a useful stone for those who seek balance in their lives. Zircon is also associated with the enhancement of psychic abilities and is used in various spiritual practices.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is highly prized for its unique blue to violet color and its association with transformation and emotional healing. It is believed to help the wearer release emotional trauma and embrace change. The gemstone is also associated with intuition and spiritual insight, making it a powerful tool for personal growth.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and promote a sense of self-awareness. The gemstone is also associated with the throat and third eye chakras, making it a powerful tool for communication and spiritual development.
Care and Cleaning
Blue Topaz
Due to its high hardness (8 on the Mohs scale), blue topaz is relatively durable and can withstand regular wear. However, it is important to avoid exposing the gemstone to harsh chemicals, as they can cause damage. To clean blue topaz, use warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can also be used, but it is best to consult a professional jeweler for advice on the best cleaning method for your specific piece.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, making it prone to scratching and damage. It is also porous and can absorb oils and other substances. To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth with mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as they can cause the stone to crack or become discolored. It is also important to avoid exposing turquoise to direct sunlight and extreme temperatures, as this can cause fading and deterioration.
Zircon
Zircon is a relatively durable gemstone with a hardness of 6-7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. However, it is important to avoid exposing the gemstone to harsh chemicals, as they can cause damage. To clean zircon, use warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can also be used, but it is best to consult a professional jeweler for advice on the best cleaning method for your specific piece.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6-7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still prone to scratching. It is important to avoid exposing the gemstone to harsh chemicals, as they can cause damage. To clean tanzanite, use warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can also be used, but it is best to consult a professional jeweler for advice on the best cleaning method for your specific piece.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, making it prone to scratching and damage. It is also porous and can absorb oils and other substances. To clean lapis lazuli, use a soft cloth with mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as they can cause the stone to crack or become discolored. It is also important to avoid exposing lapis lazuli to direct sunlight and extreme temperatures, as this can cause fading and deterioration.
Conclusion
December's birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique history, gemological properties, and symbolic significance. Blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli represent the beauty and complexity of the natural world, making them meaningful choices for those born in December.
Whether you are drawn to the serene blue of blue topaz, the historic allure of turquoise, the brilliance of zircon, the velvety violet hues of tanzanite, or the deep blue of lapis lazuli, these gemstones offer something for everyone. Their varied colors, meanings, and uses reflect the diversity and richness of December's cultural and natural heritage.
As you explore the world of December birthstones, remember to consider the gemstone's properties and care requirements to ensure its longevity and beauty. Whether you choose one or all of these gemstones, you will be connecting with a tradition that spans centuries and cultures, celebrating the unique charm of December in the world of gemology.