Turquoise, the December birthstone, is a gemstone with a rich and varied history that spans continents and millennia. Revered in ancient civilizations and still cherished today, turquoise has captivated cultures with its unique blue-green hues and its association with protection, health, and spiritual significance. This article explores the multifaceted nature of the turquoise birthstone, delving into its geological properties, historical use, cultural symbolism, and practical care considerations. By examining its role in both historical and contemporary contexts, we gain a deeper appreciation for this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
Turquoise has been a valued gemstone for thousands of years, with its use documented in ancient Egypt, China, and the Americas. In Egypt, turquoise was a symbol of life and protection. Pharaohs and other rulers adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it to offer divine protection. The funerary mask of King Tutankhamun, for instance, features turquoise inlays, highlighting its importance in royal and religious contexts.
In China, turquoise was highly prized over 3,000 years ago. Ancient Chinese artisans carved it into intricate forms, using it for both decorative and ceremonial purposes. The stone was believed to bring good fortune and was often associated with the heavens and the gods.
Among Native American cultures, turquoise holds deep spiritual significance. The Apache believed that following a rainbow to its end would lead one to turquoise, and they also thought that attaching the gemstone to a bow or firearm would improve accuracy. The Pueblo people believed that turquoise's color came from the sky, while the Hopi thought it was produced by lizards crawling over the earth. These diverse beliefs reflect the stone's perceived connection to nature and the cosmos.
In Europe, the tradition of giving a turquoise ring symbolizes "forget me not." This custom underscores the stone's role in expressing enduring love and remembrance. The Duchess of Windsor, Wallis Simpson, was known for her famous amethyst and turquoise necklace created by Cartier, further cementing turquoise's status in high society.
Turquoise is also the gemstone associated with the 11th wedding anniversary, marking a decade of marital commitment and partnership. This designation highlights its enduring symbolism of unity and lasting bonds.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a hydrous phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in arid and semi-arid environments where copper-bearing minerals interact with water. The process begins when rainwater and groundwater seep through rock formations, carrying copper and other minerals. Over time, these minerals deposit and crystallize, forming turquoise.
The color of turquoise is primarily influenced by the presence of copper, which gives it a blue hue, and iron, which contributes a green tint. The intensity of these colors can vary, resulting in a spectrum from deep "London blue" to lighter shades. The matrix, or the web-like patterns of veins within the stone, is composed of the surrounding rock material and can include black, silver, tan, or gold lines. These matrix patterns are unique to each piece of turquoise, adding to its individuality.
Historically, the most prized turquoise has come from Iran, where it has been mined for over 1,000 years. The intense blue turquoise from this region is often referred to as "robin’s egg blue," "sky blue," or "Persian blue." These terms are used by trade professionals to describe the color of turquoise regardless of its source.
In addition to Iran, turquoise is found in other parts of the world, including the United States, particularly in states like Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico. These regions have significant turquoise deposits and have played a crucial role in the modern turquoise trade. The unique geological conditions in these areas have produced stones with distinct characteristics, making them highly sought after by collectors and jewelers.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of turquoise is essential for appreciating its beauty and durability. Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This moderate hardness makes it susceptible to scratches and abrasions, so it requires careful handling and appropriate setting techniques in jewelry.
The specific gravity of turquoise ranges from 2.6 to 2.8, indicating that it is a relatively light stone. Its refractive index is between 1.61 and 1.65, which contributes to its characteristic translucency and the way it interacts with light. However, turquoise is typically opaque to semi-translucent, and its value is often determined by the uniformity and intensity of its color.
The most valuable turquoise stones are those with a uniform, vivid blue color and minimal matrix patterns. Stones with green tints are generally considered less valuable, although this can be subjective and dependent on personal preference. High-quality turquoise is often stabilized or treated to enhance its color and durability. Stabilization involves impregnating the stone with resins or other substances to improve its hardness and resistance to damage.
When it comes to cutting and shaping, turquoise is typically faceted or cabochon-cut. Faceted cuts can enhance the stone's color and brilliance, while cabochons are used to showcase the matrix patterns and the stone's natural beauty. The choice of cut depends on the stone's characteristics and the desired aesthetic outcome.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with various metaphysical properties and cultural beliefs. In ancient times, it was believed to offer protection and good fortune. In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure and is believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil. It is also thought to bring peace to those who wear it, making it a popular choice for jewelry and amulets.
In Native American cultures, turquoise is seen as a sacred stone with powerful spiritual properties. It is often used in rituals and ceremonies to connect with nature and the divine. The Apache believed that turquoise could be found by following a rainbow to its end, symbolizing the bridge between the earthly and the celestial. The Hopi believed that lizards crawling over the earth produced turquoise, linking the stone to the natural world and the cycles of life.
In Hindu tradition, turquoise is believed to ensure fantastic wealth when viewed after the new moon. This belief highlights the stone's association with prosperity and abundance. Additionally, from the 13th century onwards, it was thought that turquoise could protect the wearer from falling, particularly from horses, and would break into several pieces at the approach of disaster. This belief underscores its role as a protective talisman.
In modern times, turquoise is still associated with positive energy and emotional healing. It is believed to promote calmness, reduce stress, and enhance communication. These properties make it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance and inner peace.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness and porous nature, turquoise requires special care to maintain its beauty and longevity. It is important to avoid exposing turquoise to harsh chemicals, acids, and household cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Turquoise should also be kept away from extreme temperatures and direct sunlight, as these can cause it to dry out and lose its color.
When cleaning turquoise jewelry, it is best to use a soft, damp cloth to gently wipe the surface. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause the stone to crack or lose its stability. If the stone is stabilized, it may be more resistant to damage, but it is still advisable to clean it gently.
To store turquoise jewelry, keep it in a cool, dry place away from other gemstones that could scratch it. A soft cloth or padded jewelry box is ideal for protecting it from dust and physical damage. When wearing turquoise, it is best to avoid activities that involve physical contact or exposure to harsh environments, such as swimming or gardening.
For more detailed care instructions, it is recommended to consult a professional jeweler or gemologist. They can provide specific advice based on the type of turquoise and the setting in which it is worn.
Conclusion
The turquoise birthstone is a gemstone with a rich and diverse history that spans cultures and centuries. From its geological formation in arid regions to its use in ancient civilizations and its enduring symbolism in modern times, turquoise continues to captivate and inspire. Its unique blue-green hues, combined with its protective and positive properties, make it a cherished gemstone for jewelry and personal adornment. Whether worn as a December birthstone, an 11th wedding anniversary gift, or a symbol of protection and good fortune, turquoise remains a timeless and meaningful choice.