August, the eighth month of the year, is named after Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of Rome, and is associated with a rich tapestry of symbolism, history, and gemological significance. Among its many associations is the selection of three distinct birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—each offering unique characteristics and cultural meanings. This article explores the historical and geological background, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and care instructions for these gemstones, drawing from authoritative sources to provide an in-depth understanding of their significance.
The Historical and Cultural Significance of August Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones is ancient and multifaceted. While the modern list of birthstones was standardized by organizations like the National Association of Jewelers in the United States in 1912 and later refined by other global bodies, the practice of associating specific gemstones with each month dates back thousands of years. Some historians trace the roots of this tradition to the twelve stones embedded in the breastplate of the High Priest in the Old Testament, believed to represent the twelve tribes of Israel. Others connect it to the zodiac and the astrological signs, each gemstone thought to influence the fortune of those born under its corresponding month.
For August, the selection includes three distinct gemstones: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. While peridot is the most prominent and widely recognized of the three, sardonyx has a long and storied history as an ancient protective stone, and spinel was added to the list more recently to provide additional variety and appeal to modern jewelers and collectors.
Peridot, in particular, has an intriguing historical background. It is one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites and in volcanic lava flows, suggesting its formation under extreme geological conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle. As early as the second century BCE, peridot was used in priestly jewelry and was later found in medieval European chalices and church artifacts. The gemstone's association with protection and its purported ability to ward off "terrors of the night" made it a popular talisman in ancient times.
Sardonyx, a banded variety of onyx, is one of the oldest recorded birthstones for August. Used by the Greeks and Romans in amulets, cameos, and seals, sardonyx was believed to bring victory in battle and enhance communication skills. The stone's durability and aesthetic appeal made it a favorite among the elite for centuries.
Spinel, the youngest of the three, was historically mistaken for ruby and sapphire due to its similar appearance. Only in the 20th century did gemologists begin to recognize spinel as a distinct gemstone. Its inclusion in the August birthstone list in 2016 reflects a growing appreciation for its beauty and affordability, offering a more accessible option for those seeking a vibrant gemstone for jewelry.
Geological Formation and Sources of August Birthstones
The geological origins of August birthstones are as diverse and fascinating as their historical uses.
Peridot: A Gemstone of Extreme Origins
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine and is composed of magnesium iron silicate. Its formation is closely tied to extreme conditions, either within the Earth’s mantle or in extraterrestrial environments. Some of the peridot found on Earth has been brought to the surface through volcanic activity, carried upward in hardened lava flows. Others have arrived from outer space, embedded in meteorites that have fallen to Earth.
The most notable source of peridot is the island of Zabargad, also known as Topazios, located in the Red Sea near Egypt. This island has been a source of peridot since ancient times, with mining dating back to at least 340 BCE. Despite its historical significance, the harsh conditions on the island earned it ominous names like “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes,” meaning “snake island.” Peridot from Zabargad is still highly prized for its quality and is often found in prestigious museum collections.
Other significant sources of peridot include China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. The United States, particularly Arizona and Hawaii, has also contributed to the global supply. Peridot Beach in Hawaii, for example, is known for its sands that shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the presence of the gemstone.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Ancient Craftsmanship
Sardonyx is a type of onyx that features alternating bands of red-brown (sard) and white (onyx). It is formed from chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz, and is typically found in volcanic rocks. The red coloration in sardonyx is due to the presence of iron oxide.
Historically, sardonyx was sourced from regions such as India, the Middle East, and Italy. The ancient Greeks and Romans used it extensively for cameos and seals, often carving intricate designs into the stone. Today, sardonyx is still mined in countries like India, Brazil, and the United States, where it is prized for its durability and versatility in jewelry.
Spinel: A Misunderstood Gemstone
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate and is found in a range of colors, including red, pink, blue, and black. Its chemical composition and crystal structure differ from those of ruby and sapphire, making it a distinct gemstone. However, its similarity in appearance to these more well-known stones led to centuries of misidentification.
Spinel is typically found in metamorphic and igneous rocks, and notable sources include Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Vietnam. The gemstone’s inclusion in the August birthstone list in 2016 reflects a growing awareness of its beauty and value, particularly in the context of ethical and affordable alternatives to traditional precious stones.
Gemological Properties of August Birthstones
Understanding the physical and optical properties of August birthstones is essential for gemologists, jewelers, and collectors.
Peridot: The Evening Emerald
Peridot is known for its distinctive yellow-green to greenish-yellow color, caused by the presence of iron. It has a refractive index ranging from 1.65 to 1.69, with a birefringence of 0.035 to 0.038. Its specific gravity is 3.34, and it has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
Peridot is often mistaken for other green gemstones such as topaz and emerald, particularly in historical contexts. For example, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral was believed to contain emeralds, but the gems are now identified as peridot. Peridot’s color remains consistent under various lighting conditions, and it is known for its brilliance and luster.
Sardonyx: A Durable and Decorative Stone
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry applications. It is typically translucent to opaque, with a waxy to vitreous luster. The stone is valued for its durability and the way its banded patterns can be enhanced through carving and polishing.
Sardonyx is often used in cameo and intaglio work, where its contrasting layers allow for intricate designs. It is also commonly used in seals and rings, particularly in historical contexts.
Spinel: A Versatile and Vibrant Gemstone
Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for everyday wear. It has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.834 and is typically transparent to translucent. Spinel is known for its brilliance and fire, particularly in red and blue varieties.
The gemstone’s versatility in color and clarity has made it a popular choice for both traditional and modern jewelry designs. Its affordability compared to ruby and sapphire has also contributed to its growing popularity in the jewelry market.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The cultural and metaphysical significance of August birthstones has been passed down through generations, with each stone associated with specific meanings and powers.
Peridot: The Stone of Positivity and Protection
Peridot has long been associated with positivity, abundance, and protection. Ancient cultures believed that peridot could ward off nightmares and negative energies, earning it the nickname “evening emerald” due to its luminous appearance in low light. The gemstone was also believed to promote clarity of thought and emotional balance.
In modern times, peridot is often used to celebrate the 16th wedding anniversary and is associated with themes of renewal and vitality. Its bright green color symbolizes growth and prosperity, making it a popular choice for those born in August.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Strength and Communication
Sardonyx has been historically associated with strength, courage, and protection. It was believed to bring victory in battle and to enhance communication skills, making it a popular choice for warriors and orators in ancient times. The stone was also used in amulets to protect the wearer from harm and to promote confidence and assertiveness.
In contemporary metaphysical practices, sardonyx is believed to support emotional stability and to help individuals maintain a sense of balance and focus. Its banded patterns are seen as a representation of harmony and order.
Spinel: A Stone of Passion and Clarity
Spinel is often associated with passion, vitality, and clarity of thought. Its vibrant red and blue varieties are particularly valued for their ability to inspire energy and creativity. Historically, spinel was believed to have protective qualities and was used in royal jewelry to symbolize power and strength.
In modern times, spinel is seen as a stone of emotional healing and is believed to help individuals overcome past traumas and move forward with a renewed sense of purpose. Its affordability and beauty make it a popular choice for those seeking a meaningful and stylish gemstone.
Care and Maintenance of August Birthstone Jewelry
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of August birthstone jewelry. Each gemstone requires specific handling due to its unique physical properties.
Peridot: Gentle and Delicate
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. It is also sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from direct sunlight and heat sources. To clean peridot jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Sardonyx: Durable and Easy to Care For
Sardonyx is more durable than peridot, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7. It can be cleaned with mild soap and water or with a soft brush to remove dirt and debris. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch the surface of the stone. Sardonyx can be worn daily, but it should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Spinel: Resilient and Low-Maintenance
Spinel is one of the most durable of the August birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It can be cleaned with mild soap and water or with a soft cloth. Spinel is resistant to scratches and can be worn daily without significant wear. It is also safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners, making it one of the easiest gemstones to maintain.
Conclusion
The birthstones of August—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—represent a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and symbolism. Each gemstone has its own unique story, from peridot’s extraterrestrial origins to sardonyx’s ancient use in cameos and spinel’s recent recognition in the jewelry world. Whether chosen for their beauty, durability, or metaphysical properties, these gemstones offer a meaningful connection to the past and a timeless appeal for collectors and jewelry enthusiasts alike.
Understanding the characteristics, origins, and meanings of these gemstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their role in both historical and contemporary contexts. Whether worn as a personal adornment or as a gift, August birthstones continue to captivate and inspire those who seek their vibrant colors and enduring symbolism.