For those born in June, the birthstone selection is as diverse and captivating as the month itself. While pearl is the most widely recognized June birthstone, the month also proudly includes two other rare and enchanting gems: Alexandrite and Moonstone. Among these, Alexandrite, with its striking light purple hue—especially in incandescent light—stands out as a particularly intriguing gemstone. This article delves into the fascinating world of the purple June birthstone, exploring its geological formation, historical significance, gemological properties, and the metaphysical beliefs that have surrounded it for centuries.
History and Lore
Alexandrite, the rare gemstone that exhibits a color-changing property, was first discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in the early 19th century. The gemstone was named after Tsar Alexander II, who was born in 1818, the same year the stone was discovered. The discovery of Alexandrite was considered a royal gift, and it quickly became a symbol of prestige and rarity among the Russian aristocracy.
One of the most famous and largest Alexandrite gemstones is the “Alexandria” stone, weighing approximately 22.5 carats. It was discovered in the same Ural mines and is still considered one of the finest examples of the gemstone. The rarity of natural Alexandrite contributed to its status as a highly coveted gemstone, often reserved for royal collections.
In the 20th century, Alexandrite was officially recognized as one of the June birthstones, joining Pearl and Moonstone. While Pearl remains the primary June birthstone, Alexandrite has gained popularity due to its unique optical phenomenon and the allure of its color-changing effect, which is often described as "emerald by day, ruby by night." This dramatic shift in appearance has led to its association with transformation, adaptability, and balance, making it a powerful symbol in both modern and ancient traditions.
In addition to its royal connections, Alexandrite has been embraced in various metaphysical traditions. Some cultures believe that Alexandrite enhances emotional resilience, promotes mental clarity, and helps individuals navigate change with grace and optimism. These beliefs have further elevated its status, especially among those who view gemstones as more than just adornments.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite belongs to the chrysoberyl family of gemstones, a mineral composed of beryllium aluminum oxide (BeAl₂O₄). The color-changing effect of Alexandrite is due to the presence of trace amounts of chromium (Cr³⁺), which replaces aluminum in the crystal lattice. This unique combination of elements allows the gemstone to absorb and emit light in different wavelengths, resulting in the green to red or purple color shift under varying lighting conditions.
The formation of Alexandrite occurs in metamorphic rocks, particularly in areas where beryllium-rich minerals and aluminum-rich sediments have been subjected to high temperatures and pressures. This environment allows the chrysoberyl crystal structure to develop, with the addition of chromium responsible for the characteristic color change.
The Ural Mountains in Russia were the original source of Alexandrite, and the gemstone was primarily mined there for over a century. However, due to the depletion of the original deposits, high-quality Alexandrite is now extremely rare from this region. In the late 20th century, new deposits were discovered in Brazil, particularly in the Minas Gerais region, and more recently in Madagascar. These deposits have provided a new supply of Alexandrite, although the quality and intensity of the color change are often not as pronounced as in the original Russian stones.
Alexandrite is typically found in granitic pegmatites and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, where the necessary chemical and physical conditions for its formation exist. The gemstone is known for its hexagonal crystal structure, which contributes to its high refractive index and good hardness, making it relatively durable for jewelry use.
Despite its beauty, Alexandrite is rare and difficult to source, especially in large sizes. Stones over 5 carats are considered exceptional, and the finest examples of Alexandrite are highly sought after in the gemstone market.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite is a remarkable gemstone with several distinct gemological properties that set it apart from other birthstones. Here is a detailed overview of its characteristics:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 8.5 |
| Refractive Index | 1.74–1.76 |
| Color | Green in daylight, red or purple in incandescent light |
| Color Change | Yes, one of the most dramatic color-change effects among gemstones |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) |
| Specific Gravity | 3.73–3.75 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal (hexagonal) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Cleavage | Perfect cleavage in one direction |
| Common Cuts | Oval, cushion, emerald, and round |
| Common Weights | Typically under 5 carats; large stones are rare |
The color change of Alexandrite is its most defining feature. This effect is due to the absorption and re-emission of light by the chromium ions in the crystal lattice. In daylight, which has a blue-rich spectrum, the gemstone absorbs blue light and appears green. Under incandescent light, which is rich in red wavelengths, the gemstone absorbs red light and appears red or purple. This transformation is not only visually stunning but also scientifically fascinating.
Alexandrite's hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale makes it suitable for use in jewelry, although it does require care due to its perfect cleavage in one direction. Cleavage refers to the tendency of a mineral to break along specific planes, and Alexandrite is particularly sensitive to impact or pressure along its cleavage plane. Therefore, when setting Alexandrite in jewelry, jewelers must take extra precautions to avoid damaging the stone.
The refractive index of Alexandrite (1.74–1.76) is relatively high, contributing to its sparkling and lively appearance. The vitreous luster enhances its brilliance, making it a visually striking gemstone. Its hexagonal crystal structure also contributes to its optical properties, allowing for a wide range of cuts that can maximize its beauty and color change effect.
In terms of specific gravity, Alexandrite has a density of 3.73–3.75, which is relatively high compared to other gemstones of similar size. This density contributes to its heft and substantial feel, which many jewelers and collectors appreciate.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Alexandrite has long been associated with transformation, adaptability, and duality, making it a powerful symbol for those navigating change or seeking balance in their lives. In metaphysical traditions, Alexandrite is believed to enhance emotional resilience, promote mental clarity, and support inner transformation. These properties have made it a popular choice among those who seek gemstones for healing, meditation, and spiritual growth.
In ancient Russian folklore, Alexandrite was believed to bring good fortune and protection, especially to those in positions of power. It was said that the gemstone would "change with the light," much like the wearer would adapt to the challenges of life. This belief has persisted into modern times, with many people using Alexandrite as a stone of balance and harmony.
In modern metaphysical practices, Alexandrite is considered a stone of duality, representing the ability to move between opposites—such as day and night, light and dark, action and rest—with grace and ease. It is also associated with the third eye chakra, which is believed to govern intuition, perception, and spiritual insight. Wearing Alexandrite is thought to enhance these qualities, allowing the wearer to see more clearly and make more balanced decisions.
In addition to its emotional and spiritual properties, Alexandrite is also believed to have physical healing benefits. Some practitioners claim that it can support digestive health, improve circulation, and reduce inflammation. While these claims are not scientifically proven, they have contributed to the stone's popularity in alternative medicine and holistic health practices.
In jewelry design, Alexandrite is often used in solitaire settings, where its color-changing effect can be fully appreciated. It is also sometimes paired with diamonds or other gemstones to create unique and eye-catching designs. Due to its rarity and beauty, Alexandrite is considered a luxury gemstone, and it is often reserved for high-end jewelry pieces.
Care and Cleaning
Given its perfect cleavage and relatively high hardness, Alexandrite requires careful handling and proper cleaning to maintain its beauty and durability. Here are some best practices for caring for Alexandrite jewelry:
General Care Tips:
- Avoid Impact and Pressure: Due to its perfect cleavage, Alexandrite is susceptible to chipping or breaking if struck along the cleavage plane. Avoid wearing Alexandrite jewelry during strenuous activities or sports.
- Remove During Chemical Exposure: Alexandrite should be removed when using household cleaners, cosmetics, or perfumes, as these can dull its luster or damage its surface.
- Store Properly: When not in use, store Alexandrite jewelry in a soft-lined jewelry box or a velvet pouch to prevent scratches from other gemstones or metals.
- Avoid Extreme Temperatures: While Alexandrite is not known to be sensitive to temperature changes, it is best to avoid extreme heat or cold, especially if the stone is set in a metal with a different thermal expansion rate.
Cleaning Methods:
- Warm, Soapy Water: The safest and most effective way to clean Alexandrite is with warm, soapy water. Use a mild detergent and a soft brush to gently clean the gemstone. Rinse thoroughly with warm water and dry with a soft cloth.
- Ultrasonic Cleaners: Ultrasonic cleaners are generally not recommended for Alexandrite, especially if the stone has inclusions or is treated in any way. The high-frequency vibrations can damage the stone or cause it to crack along its cleavage plane.
- Steam Cleaners: Steam cleaners are also not recommended for Alexandrite, as the high heat and pressure can cause the stone to crack or lose its luster.
By following these care and cleaning guidelines, you can ensure that your Alexandrite jewelry remains beautiful and durable for years to come. Proper care not only preserves the gemstone's appearance, but also maintains its value and longevity.
Conclusion
The purple June birthstone, particularly Alexandrite, is a gemstone of exceptional beauty and symbolism. With its dramatic color change, rare origins, and rich historical significance, it continues to captivate gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. Whether admired for its scientific properties, its metaphysical meaning, or its aesthetic appeal, Alexandrite remains one of the most fascinating and valuable gems in the world.
As a June birthstone, Alexandrite offers a unique and meaningful way to celebrate the month of June, and its enduring allure ensures that it will continue to be cherished for generations to come.