March, the first month of spring and a symbol of new beginnings, is uniquely associated with two official birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. While these gemstones differ greatly in appearance, both carry rich histories, deep symbolism, and fascinating gemological properties. From their ancient connections to the sea and healing to their roles in modern jewelry, aquamarine and bloodstone represent a perfect duality of nature’s beauty and human imagination.
This article explores the lore, science, and cultural significance of these two March birthstones. It delves into their geological origins, symbolic meanings, practical applications in jewelry, and the reasons they continue to captivate gemstone enthusiasts and collectors around the world.
Origins of March Birthstones
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months is rooted in ancient history, with the earliest known references appearing in the Biblical Book of Exodus, where a list of 12 stones is said to have adorned the High Priest’s breastplate. Over time, these stones were matched to the zodiac signs and later to the 12 months of the year. However, the exact identification of the original stones remains a subject of debate among historians and gemologists.
In early birthstone lists, bloodstone was the sole representative of March. This practice dates back to at least the 15th century, when the use of birthstones became more widespread in Europe. However, as knowledge of gemstones and their properties advanced, aquamarine was added as a second official birthstone in the 20th century. This addition was influenced by the growing popularity of aquamarine in jewelry and its aesthetic appeal.
The modern standardized list of birthstones, including aquamarine and bloodstone for March, gained widespread recognition in the 19th century, particularly through the efforts of Tiffany & Co., which published a set of birthstone poems in 1870. These poems, attributed to an anonymous author, helped cement the association between gemstones and specific months.
Aquamarine: The Sea’s Crystal
History and Cultural Significance
Aquamarine, whose name derives from the Latin words aqua (water) and marina (of the sea), is one of the most beloved and widely recognized birthstones for March. Its association with the ocean has made it a symbol of serenity, purity, and protection, especially for sailors and travelers.
Ancient mariners believed that aquamarine had the power to calm the seas and protect sailors from drowning. It was considered a talisman for safe passage and was often carried on long voyages. In ancient Greece and Rome, the gem was thought to bring happiness in marriage, intellectual clarity, and protection in battle.
During the Renaissance, aquamarine was also associated with fidelity and emotional balance, making it a popular gem for engagement rings and wedding jewelry. In more modern times, aquamarine has been linked to courage and communication, making it a favored stone for those seeking to express themselves more confidently.
Geological Properties
Aquamarine is a beryl mineral, a member of the same species as emerald. It forms in granite pegmatite deposits, often in environments rich in beryllium and aluminum. The blue or blue-green color of aquamarine is due to trace amounts of iron (Fe²⁺) in its crystal lattice.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ (same as beryl) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7.5–8 |
| Color | Ranges from light blue to deep green-blue; sometimes with greenish undertones |
| Transparency | Usually transparent |
| Refractive Index | 1.56–1.58 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.66–2.83 |
Aquamarine is pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors depending on the viewing angle. It is typically cut as a faceted gem, which enhances its clarity and brilliance.
Mining and Availability
The world’s largest deposits of aquamarine are found in Brazil, particularly in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Other significant sources include Nigeria, Zambia, Madagascar, and Pakistan. Brazilian aquamarines are often noted for their large size and high clarity.
Aquamarine is relatively abundant, especially in large sizes. This availability has led to a lower price per carat for stones over 25 carats, as they are difficult to use in traditional jewelry settings. One of the most famous aquamarine specimens is the Dom Pedro Aquamarine, a 10,363-carat gem displayed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
Care and Maintenance
Aquamarine is a durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5–8, making it suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, though care should be taken if the stone contains visible inclusions or fractures, as these can be damaged by intense vibrations or heat.
Because aquamarine is often heat-treated to enhance its blue color, it is important to note that this treatment is permanent and stable. However, it should be avoided to expose the gem to extreme temperatures, as this could cause thermal shock or color fading, particularly in untreated specimens.
Jewelry Applications
Aquamarine is a versatile gemstone, suitable for both everyday wear and special occasions. It is commonly cut into round, oval, or emerald cuts, with the emerald cut being particularly favored to showcase the gem’s deep blue color and clarity. The stone’s durability and availability in large sizes make it a popular choice for statement pieces, necklaces, rings, and bracelets.
When purchasing aquamarine jewelry, it is important to look for well-cut stones with good symmetry and sparkle. As aquamarine is often treated to enhance its color, it is wise to ask the jeweler about the treatment history of the gem to ensure it meets your expectations and standards.
Bloodstone: The Stone of Strength and Vitality
History and Cultural Significance
Bloodstone, the second official birthstone for March, is a dark green gemstone with red spots or flecks of iron oxide, which resemble drops of blood. This distinctive appearance has led to its name and has contributed to its rich symbolism and use in various cultures throughout history.
The bloodstone is believed to have been used as early as ancient Egypt, where it was associated with renewal, vitality, and health. In medieval Europe, it was considered a healing stone, particularly for blood-related ailments. Some legends suggest that the red flecks represent the blood of Christ, linking it to Christian symbolism and faith.
The stone was also popular among knights and warriors, who believed it gave them strength, courage, and protection in battle. It was thought to enhance physical endurance and promote mental clarity, making it a valuable talisman for those facing physical and emotional challenges.
Geological Properties
Bloodstone is a type of jasper, a microcrystalline quartz that forms in sedimentary rocks, often in volcanic environments. The green color comes from chromite or chlorite, while the red spots are composed of iron oxide (hematite).
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ (silicon dioxide) with trace minerals |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5–7 |
| Color | Dark green background with red flecks of iron oxide |
| Transparency | Usually opaque |
| Refractive Index | 1.48–1.53 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.55–2.90 |
Unlike aquamarine, bloodstone is typically cut into a cabochon, a smooth, rounded shape that enhances the stone’s luster and color contrast. This style also helps to showcase the distinctive red flecks that give the gem its name.
Mining and Availability
Bloodstone is found in several parts of the world, including India, Nepal, Iran, and United States. The most notable deposits are in India, where high-quality bloodstone is still mined today. The stone is relatively common and affordable, making it a popular choice for jewelry, amulets, and talismans.
Care and Maintenance
Bloodstone is a relatively durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7. However, because it is opaque and often porous, it is not recommended to clean it with ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the surface or loosen the inclusions.
The best way to clean bloodstone is with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch or dull the stone’s surface.
Bloodstone does not require any special treatments, and its color and structure remain stable under normal conditions. However, it is important to store it separately from harder gemstones, as it can be scratched by stones like diamonds or corundum.
Jewelry Applications
Bloodstone is often used in cabochon form, making it ideal for rings, pendants, and earrings. It is particularly popular in medieval and fantasy-inspired jewelry, where its distinctive appearance and symbolic meaning add a mystical and protective element.
Because of its affordability and durability, bloodstone is a great choice for everyday wear, especially in rings and bracelets. It is also a popular choice for men’s jewelry, where its sturdy and masculine appearance is appreciated.
When purchasing bloodstone jewelry, it is important to inspect the stone for clarity and color contrast. The best specimens will have a rich green background with vibrant red flecks, which enhance the stone’s visual impact and symbolism.
Conclusion
The March birthstones, aquamarine and bloodstone, represent a fascinating duality in gemstone history and symbolism. While aquamarine evokes the serenity and clarity of the sea, bloodstone is a powerful symbol of strength, vitality, and protection. Together, they reflect the balance between the calm and the storm, the ocean and the earth, making them a fitting representation for the month of March.
From their ancient roots in sailor lore and knightly talismans to their modern use in jewelry and personal adornment, both aquamarine and bloodstone continue to capture the imagination and admiration of gemstone lovers around the world. Whether worn for their beauty, meaning, or practicality, these stones serve as enduring reminders of the deep connections between nature, history, and human culture.