June and July, two months rich in natural beauty and cultural significance, each hold a diverse array of birthstones that reflect the richness of their respective periods. From the soft, iridescent glow of pearls in June to the fiery brilliance of rubies in July, these gemstones are not just ornamental treasures—they are storied artifacts of history, geology, and human belief. This article delves into the gemological properties, historical uses, and symbolic meanings of the birthstones for June and July, drawing from authoritative sources in gemology and historical lore.
By exploring the dual birthstones of each month—pearl and alexandrite for June, and ruby and onyx for July—we uncover the fascinating interplay of science, culture, and tradition that has shaped their roles in human history. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this guide will provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview of these precious stones, grounded in the latest and most reliable gemological insights.
History and Lore of June and July Birthstones
June Birthstones: Pearl and Alexandrite
June is one of the few months in the traditional birthstone calendar that is blessed with not just one, but three official birthstones: pearl, alexandrite, and moonstone. However, pearl and alexandrite are the most historically and culturally significant.
Pearl
Pearls have been treasured for millennia, with their origins rooted in the natural world. Unlike most gemstones, pearls are formed within living organisms—primarily oysters, mussels, and clams. The process begins when an irritant, such as a grain of sand, enters the mollusk’s shell. In response, the mollusk secretes layers of nacre, or mother-of-pearl, around the irritant. Over time, these layers build up to form a smooth, spherical gem.
Pearls have long been associated with purity, innocence, and wisdom. In ancient China, pearls were believed to hold the power of immortality, while in Japan, they were considered sacred gifts from the sea gods. In Western cultures, pearls have often been symbols of sophistication and elegance. They are also closely tied to femininity, often gifted on milestones such as birthdays and anniversaries.
The historical use of pearls spans centuries. They have been found in archaeological sites dating back to 2300 BCE and were highly prized by royalty and the elite. In medieval Europe, pearls were used to adorn religious artifacts and royal regalia. Today, pearls remain a timeless classic, both as standalone jewelry and in combination with other gemstones.
Alexandrite
Discovered in the 1830s in the Ural Mountains of Russia, alexandrite is one of the rarest and most fascinating gemstones in the world. Named after Czar Alexander II, the stone was discovered on his birthday, adding an air of royal significance to its discovery. What makes alexandrite truly unique is its ability to change color under different lighting conditions. It appears green in daylight and red under incandescent light, a phenomenon caused by the way its chrysoberyl structure absorbs and reflects light.
Alexandrite was quickly adopted as a symbol of good fortune and transformation. It is believed to bring prosperity and adaptability, making it a popular choice for those seeking to navigate change in their lives. In the realm of jewelry, alexandrite is often used in rings and pendants, where its color-changing properties can be fully appreciated.
The rarity of alexandrite has only increased its desirability over time. While the original deposits in the Ural Mountains were eventually depleted, new sources in Brazil and India have allowed for continued supply. However, natural alexandrite remains extremely rare, and synthetic versions are often used as alternatives.
July Birthstones: Ruby and Onyx
July, like June, is a month with multiple birthstones, with ruby and onyx being the most prominent. These two gemstones represent a striking contrast in both appearance and symbolism, yet they are both deeply rooted in history and tradition.
Ruby
Ruby is one of the most revered gemstones in the world, and its status as the primary birthstone for July reflects its enduring allure. Derived from the Latin word ruber, meaning “red,” ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is second in hardness only to diamond. The deep red color of ruby is due to the presence of chromium, with the most prized specimens exhibiting a "pigeon’s blood" hue—a vivid red with a slight purplish overtone.
In ancient India, ruby was known as the “king of precious stones” and was believed to possess mystical powers. It was associated with the life force and was considered a symbol of power and youthful energy. Warriors in Burma believed that wearing a ruby in battle would make them invincible. In medieval Europe, ruby was thought to bring health, wisdom, and success in love.
Ruby has been used in jewelry for centuries, often in royal regalia and religious artifacts. The most famous ruby in history is the “Koh-i-Noor,” a 105.6-carat gem that has passed through the hands of Persian, Indian, and British rulers. Despite its storied past, ruby remains a symbol of passion and vitality, making it a popular choice for engagement rings, pendants, and other fine jewelry.
Onyx
While ruby is the primary birthstone for July, onyx has long been recognized as an alternative. Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a form of quartz, and is known for its deep black color and smooth, polished surface. In some cultures, onyx is dyed to enhance or alter its color, resulting in a wide range of hues.
Onyx has been associated with strength, boldness, and balance. In ancient Greece, onyx was believed to absorb negative energy, making it a protective stone. Cleopatra was said to have worn onyx for its protective qualities and powerful symbolism. In medieval Europe, onyx was used in mourning jewelry, where its dark color and polished finish made it a fitting choice.
In modern times, onyx is appreciated for its sleek, sophisticated appearance and its ability to ground and stabilize the wearer. It is often used in rings, bracelets, and pendants, and is favored by those who seek a bold, modern aesthetic.
Geological Formation and Sources of June and July Birthstones
June Birthstones
Pearl
As previously noted, pearls are formed within mollusks through a natural biological process. The formation of a pearl depends on the species of mollusk and the environment in which it lives. The most prized pearls come from saltwater oysters, particularly the Pinctada species, which is found in the South Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.
Freshwater pearls are also common and are typically produced by mussels in lakes and rivers. These pearls are often irregular in shape and are known for their unique, organic beauty.
The quality of a pearl is determined by several factors, including luster, surface, size, shape, and color. Luster refers to the way light reflects off the pearl’s surface, while surface refers to the smoothness and absence of blemishes. Size and shape affect the overall aesthetic, and color varies depending on the type of mollusk and the environment in which the pearl was formed.
Alexandrite
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, which is composed of beryllium aluminum oxide (BeAl₂O₄). The color change in alexandrite is caused by the presence of trace amounts of chromium and iron, which absorb light in the red and green parts of the spectrum.
Natural alexandrite is extremely rare, with most of the world’s supply coming from Brazil and India. The original deposits in the Ural Mountains of Russia were largely depleted by the mid-20th century, making natural alexandrite even more valuable. Synthetic alexandrite is also available and is often used as an alternative for those who want the same color-changing properties without the high cost.
July Birthstones
Ruby
Ruby is a variety of corundum, a mineral composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The red color of ruby is caused by the presence of chromium, while other trace elements can affect the secondary hues. The most valuable rubies are those with a "pigeon’s blood" color, a vivid red with a slight purplish overtone.
Ruby is found in several parts of the world, with the most famous sources being Myanmar (Burma), Madagascar, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. The Burmese rubies are particularly renowned for their color and quality, with the most famous being the "Pigeon Blood" rubies from the Mogok region.
The formation of ruby occurs in metamorphic and igneous rocks, where high temperatures and pressures allow for the development of corundum. The presence of chromium impurities gives ruby its characteristic red color, while other elements such as vanadium or iron can affect the secondary hues.
Onyx
Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a form of microcrystalline quartz. It is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and is known for its smooth, waxy texture and deep coloration. Onyx is typically dyed to enhance or alter its natural color, which can range from white to brown.
Onyx is found in several countries, including Brazil, India, Uruguay, and the United States. The most prized onyx is the black onyx, which is often used in jewelry for its bold, sophisticated appearance. The stone is commonly used in rings, bracelets, and pendants, and is favored for its durability and ease of polishing.
Gemological Properties of June and July Birthstones
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Color | Refractive Index | Special Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pearl | Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) | 2.5–4.5 | White, cream, pink, black, gold, blue, green | 1.53–1.68 | Organic gemstone, nacreous luster |
| Alexandrite | Beryllium aluminum oxide (BeAl₂O₄) | 8.5 | Green in daylight, red in incandescent light | 1.74–1.76 | Color-changing property |
| Ruby | Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) | 9 | Red, with a hint of purple ("pigeon’s blood") | 1.76–1.78 | Variety of corundum, second hardest after diamond |
| Onyx | Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) | 6.5–7 | Black (often dyed) | 1.48–1.53 | Microcrystalline quartz, used for grounding and protection |
These properties define the unique characteristics of each gemstone and influence their use in jewelry and other applications. For instance, pearls, with their low hardness and nacreous luster, are best suited for delicate settings and require gentle handling. In contrast, ruby, with its high hardness and vibrant color, is ideal for rings and other frequently worn jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
June Birthstones
Pearl
In many cultures, pearls symbolize purity, innocence, and wisdom. In ancient China, pearls were considered symbols of immortality and were used in religious ceremonies. In Japan, pearls were believed to bring good fortune and were often given as gifts during special occasions.
In Western cultures, pearls are often associated with femininity and elegance. They are frequently used in bridal jewelry and are considered symbols of love and commitment. In the realm of metaphysical beliefs, pearls are said to promote calmness, emotional balance, and inner peace. They are also believed to enhance intuition and wisdom.
Alexandrite
Alexandrite is often associated with transformation and adaptability. It is believed to help individuals navigate change and remain flexible in the face of challenges. In some cultures, alexandrite is considered a stone of good fortune and is used to attract prosperity and success.
In metaphysical practices, alexandrite is thought to stimulate creativity and imagination. It is also believed to enhance emotional stability and help with mood swings. Due to its color-changing properties, alexandrite is often associated with duality and the ability to see both sides of a situation.
July Birthstones
Ruby
Ruby is a powerful symbol of passion, vitality, and courage. In ancient India, ruby was believed to possess mystical powers and was associated with the life force and youthful energy. It was used in royal regalia and was considered a symbol of power and invincibility.
In medieval Europe, ruby was believed to bring health, wisdom, and success in love. It was also used in religious artifacts and was considered a symbol of divine protection. In modern times, ruby is often used in engagement rings and other fine jewelry, where it represents enduring love and commitment.
Onyx
Onyx is associated with strength, boldness, and balance. In ancient Greece, onyx was believed to absorb negative energy, making it a protective stone. Cleopatra was said to have worn onyx for its protective qualities and powerful symbolism.
In metaphysical practices, onyx is thought to promote grounding and stability. It is often used to help individuals stay focused and centered, especially during times of stress or uncertainty. Onyx is also believed to enhance self-confidence and encourage a sense of inner strength.
Care and Cleaning of June and July Birthstones
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of gemstone jewelry. The care requirements vary depending on the type of gemstone and its physical properties.
June Birthstones
Pearl
Pearls are relatively soft (hardness of 2.5–4.5) and are sensitive to harsh chemicals and abrasives. They should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth to remove dirt and oils. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can damage the nacre and cause the pearls to lose their luster.
Pearls should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It is best to store them in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box. Pearls should not be exposed to direct sunlight or high temperatures, as this can cause them to dry out and lose their luster.
Alexandrite
Alexandrite is a relatively hard gemstone (hardness of 8.5) and is durable enough to withstand regular wear. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can scratch the surface of the stone.
Alexandrite should be stored in a dry place to prevent moisture from affecting its color-changing properties. It should also be kept away from direct sunlight to preserve its natural beauty. If the gemstone is set in a piece of jewelry, it should be inspected regularly for loose stones or damaged settings.
July Birthstones
Ruby
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones (hardness of 9) and is highly durable. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Ultrasonic cleaners can also be used, but it is best to consult a professional jeweler before doing so, especially if the ruby is treated or has inclusions.
Ruby should be stored in a dry, cool place to prevent any damage. It should be kept away from direct sunlight and high temperatures, as this can affect its color and clarity. Ruby should also be stored separately from softer gemstones to prevent scratches.
Onyx
Onyx is a relatively durable gemstone (hardness of 6.5–7) and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can scratch the surface of the stone.
Onyx should be stored in a dry place to prevent moisture from affecting its color and luster. It should also be kept away from direct sunlight and high temperatures. If the onyx is set in a piece of jewelry, it should be inspected regularly for loose stones or damaged settings.
Conclusion
June and July, with their diverse array of birthstones, offer a fascinating glimpse into the intersection of science, culture, and tradition. From the organic beauty of pearls and the rare color-changing properties of alexandrite to the fiery brilliance of rubies and the grounding power of onyx, these gemstones are more than just decorative objects—they are symbols of identity, meaning, and history.
Whether you are drawn to the soft elegance of pearls, the transformative power of alexandrite, the passionate glow of rubies, or the bold strength of onyx, each of these gemstones carries a unique story. As you explore the world of birthstones, may these insights help you choose the perfect gemstone to reflect your personality, your journey, and your connection to the natural world.