December, the final month of the year, is marked by a rich tapestry of cultural traditions, winter festivities, and a distinct connection to the color blue. This association is not only reflected in the cold, serene skies and icy landscapes of the season but is also deeply embedded in the world of gemstones. December is uniquely distinguished by its array of birthstones, all of which share the dominant color of blue—symbolizing calm, wisdom, and the mysteries of the cosmos. These gemstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Lapis Lazuli—each bring their own unique charm, history, and gemological properties to the table, making December’s birthstone selection one of the most diverse and fascinating in the calendar year.
This article delves into the significance of blue as the December birthstone color, explores the gemological and historical background of each of these stones, and examines their cultural and symbolic roles across different societies. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the lore behind these beautiful stones, this piece offers a comprehensive and authoritative look into the world of December’s birthstones.
History and Lore
The association of December with blue gemstones is both ancient and multifaceted. Turquoise, one of the earliest and most traditional December birthstones, has been cherished for thousands of years. The name "turquoise" comes from the French pierre turquoise, meaning "Turkish stone," a reference to its introduction to Europe via Turkish bazaars in the 13th century. However, its origins and use predate this by millennia. Ancient Egyptians, for example, used turquoise in jewelry and amulets, believing it to have protective and spiritual properties. Similarly, in Mesoamerican and Native American cultures, turquoise was revered as a sacred stone, often associated with the gods and used in rituals and ceremonies.
Tanzanite, on the other hand, is a much more modern discovery. Found in the early 1960s near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, it was introduced to the world as a new gemstone in 1967. Its deep blue to violet hues quickly made it a favorite among jewelers and collectors, and it was officially recognized as a December birthstone in the 1980s. Unlike turquoise, which has been known for thousands of years, tanzanite’s journey into the world of gemstones is a relatively recent chapter in the long history of December’s birthstones.
Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz are also modern additions to the December birthstone list. Zircon, an ancient mineral with a history dating back over two billion years, was not recognized as a December birthstone until the 20th century. Its vibrant blue color and high refractive index make it a popular choice for those who appreciate both beauty and brilliance. Blue Topaz, a color-treated variant of the naturally yellow topaz, was also added to the list in the 20th century, offering a more affordable and versatile option for December jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli, another traditional December birthstone, has been used for centuries in various cultures. Known for its deep blue color with flecks of gold and white, lapis lazuli was highly prized in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was often used in the creation of amulets, inlays, and even as a pigment in cosmetics and paints. Its association with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment made it a symbol of intellectual and spiritual pursuits.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December reflects both the diversity of blue gemstones and the evolving nature of birthstone traditions. While the early 20th century saw the official recognition of turquoise and lapis lazuli as December birthstones, the addition of tanzanite, zircon, and topaz in the latter half of the century expanded the options available to jewelry designers and consumers. This evolution demonstrates how cultural and market trends influence the perception and popularity of gemstones over time.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological formation and sources of December’s birthstones are as varied as the stones themselves, reflecting the unique processes and locations that give rise to these beautiful gems.
Turquoise is formed when copper-rich groundwater seeps into the bedrock and reacts with other minerals. This process creates an opaque stone with a range of blue and green hues, often marked by dark veins known as matrix. The finest turquoise is typically found in the United States, particularly in Arizona and Nevada, as well as in Iran, China, and Egypt. Each location produces turquoise with its own distinct characteristics, making it a highly valued and collectible gemstone.
Tanzanite is a relatively rare gemstone, found only in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. It is a type of zoisite that is heat-treated to enhance its blue and violet colors. The unique geological conditions in this region, including the presence of specific minerals and the right temperature and pressure, are essential to the formation of tanzanite. Because of its limited source, tanzanite is considered a one-of-a-kind gemstone, and its value is expected to increase over time.
Blue Zircon is a color-treated version of the naturally occurring gemstone zircon, which is one of the oldest minerals on Earth. Zircon can be found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, and Cambodia. The blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, which alters the stone’s color and enhances its brilliance. Zircon’s high refractive index and strong dispersion make it an excellent choice for those who appreciate the "fire" and sparkle of diamonds.
Blue Topaz is a color-treated variant of the naturally yellow topaz. Topaz is found in many parts of the world, including Brazil, Russia, and the United States. The blue color is achieved through a process called irradiation, which changes the stone’s color without altering its chemical composition. Blue topaz is known for its clarity and durability, making it a popular choice for everyday jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed of several minerals, the most prominent being lazurite, which gives it its characteristic blue color. It is typically found in Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Chile, and Canada. Lapis lazuli is prized not only for its color but also for the flecks of pyrite that give it a sparkling effect, often referred to as "gold dust."
The geological processes that create these stones are as fascinating as the stones themselves. From the deep, slow reactions that form turquoise to the unique conditions in Tanzania that produce tanzanite, each gemstone tells a story of the Earth’s history and the forces that shape it. Understanding these processes not only enhances our appreciation of the stones but also highlights the importance of responsible mining and ethical sourcing in the gemstone industry.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of December’s birthstones are a testament to the diversity and beauty of these blue gems. Each stone has its own unique characteristics, including color, clarity, hardness, and refractive index, which contribute to its appeal and suitability for different types of jewelry.
Turquoise is an opaque to semi-translucent gemstone with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. Its color ranges from deep blue to green, with the most desirable specimens displaying a rich blue hue with minimal matrix. The presence of matrix, which consists of the surrounding rock material, can add character and value to turquoise, depending on its pattern and density. Turquoise is often cut into cabochons or beads, as its low hardness makes it unsuitable for faceting. It is also relatively porous, making it sensitive to oils, acids, and other substances that can dull its color.
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale and is known for its deep blue to violet color. It has a refractive index of 1.694–1.701 and a strong dispersion, which gives it a brilliant, almost glassy appearance. Tanzanite is typically cut into facets to showcase its color and brilliance, and it is often used in rings, pendants, and earrings. Due to its relatively low hardness compared to other gemstones, tanzanite should be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips.
Blue Zircon is a color-treated gemstone with a hardness of 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale. It has a high refractive index of 1.92–2.00 and a strong dispersion, making it one of the most brilliant gemstones available. Blue zircon is often cut into facets to enhance its fire and sparkle, and it is used in a variety of jewelry pieces. Its high refractive index and dispersion make it a popular alternative to diamonds, especially for those seeking a more affordable option.
Blue Topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest December birthstones. It has a refractive index of 1.61–1.63 and a moderate dispersion, which gives it a clean, bright appearance. Blue topaz is typically cut into facets or rounds and is used in a wide range of jewelry, from rings to pendants. Its durability and clarity make it an excellent choice for everyday wear.
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of several minerals, including lazurite, which gives it its blue color, and pyrite, which adds a sparkling effect. Lapis lazuli is often cut into cabochons or beads and is used in pendants, rings, and other jewelry. It is relatively porous and sensitive to acids and oils, so it should be handled with care to maintain its luster.
The gemological properties of these stones not only determine their suitability for different types of jewelry but also influence their care and maintenance. For example, softer stones like turquoise and lapis lazuli require more careful handling and cleaning, while harder stones like blue topaz are more durable and can be worn daily. Understanding these properties is essential for both jewelers and consumers, as it helps ensure that the stones are used and cared for in a way that preserves their beauty and value.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with December’s birthstones have been passed down through generations, adding a layer of cultural and spiritual significance to these gems. Each stone is believed to possess unique energies and properties that can influence the wearer’s life, offering protection, wisdom, and emotional balance.
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection and good fortune. In ancient Egypt, it was used in amulets and talismans to ward off evil and promote health. Native American cultures also revered turquoise as a sacred stone, associating it with the gods and using it in rituals and ceremonies. It was believed to bring strength, courage, and spiritual guidance. In medieval Europe, turquoise was thought to protect the wearer from falling, especially off horses, and would break into pieces at the approach of disaster. Hindu mystics maintained that seeing a turquoise after the new moon ensured wealth and prosperity.
Tanzanite is a more modern gemstone, but it has quickly become associated with transformation and emotional healing. Its deep blue to violet hues are believed to promote inner peace and emotional stability. It is also thought to enhance communication and encourage self-expression, making it a popular choice for those seeking to improve their relationships and personal growth.
Blue Zircon is often associated with clarity and insight. Its high refractive index and dispersion are believed to symbolize the clarity of thought and the ability to see through illusions. It is also thought to bring good luck and prosperity, making it a popular choice for those seeking success and abundance.
Blue Topaz is associated with calmness and serenity. Its soothing blue color is believed to promote a sense of peace and relaxation, making it an excellent stone for those who seek to reduce stress and anxiety. It is also thought to enhance mental clarity and focus, making it a popular choice for students and professionals.
Lapis Lazuli has been associated with wisdom and enlightenment for centuries. In ancient Egypt, it was used in the creation of amulets and inlays, and it was believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. It is also associated with truth and honesty, making it a symbol of integrity and authenticity. In modern times, lapis lazuli is believed to promote inner wisdom and a connection to higher consciousness, making it a popular choice for those who seek spiritual growth.
The metaphysical beliefs surrounding these stones reflect the cultural and historical contexts in which they were used. While some of these beliefs are rooted in ancient traditions, others have evolved over time, influenced by contemporary practices and personal experiences. Whether used for their symbolic meaning or their aesthetic appeal, these stones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of those who wear them.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each stone has its own specific requirements, and understanding these can help ensure that your jewelry remains in excellent condition.
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, making it sensitive to oils, acids, and other substances that can dull its color. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, and it should be kept away from perfumes, lotions, and other chemicals. It is also important to store turquoise jewelry in a dry, cool place to prevent moisture from damaging the stone.
Tanzanite is slightly harder than turquoise but still requires careful handling. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, and it should be stored in a separate compartment to prevent scratches from other gemstones. Tanzanite is also sensitive to high heat and strong light, so it should be kept away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Blue Zircon is one of the hardest December birthstones and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It is also resistant to scratches and can be worn daily, making it a durable choice for everyday jewelry. However, it should be stored in a dry place to prevent any potential damage.
Blue Topaz is the hardest of the December birthstones and is highly durable. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, and it can be worn daily without fear of damage. It is also resistant to scratches and can be stored with other gemstones without worry.
Lapis Lazuli is a porous stone that is sensitive to oils and acids. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, and it should be kept away from perfumes, lotions, and other chemicals. It is also important to store lapis lazuli in a dry, cool place to prevent moisture from damaging the stone.
By following these care and cleaning guidelines, you can ensure that your December birthstone jewelry remains in excellent condition for years to come. Whether you wear your jewelry daily or only on special occasions, proper care is essential to maintaining its beauty and value.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Lapis Lazuli—represent a rich and diverse array of blue gemstones, each with its own unique history, gemological properties, and cultural significance. These stones have been cherished for centuries, from the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia to the modern jewelry industry. Their association with the color blue not only reflects the serene and calm nature of the winter season but also symbolizes wisdom, protection, and the mysteries of the cosmos.
The evolution of December’s birthstone list over time demonstrates how cultural and market trends influence the perception and popularity of gemstones. From the early recognition of turquoise and lapis lazuli to the more recent addition of tanzanite, zircon, and topaz, the December birthstone tradition continues to adapt and grow. This diversity allows individuals to choose a gemstone that best suits their personal preferences, whether they are drawn to the deep blue of tanzanite, the vibrant clarity of zircon, or the timeless elegance of turquoise.
Understanding the gemological properties, geological origins, and cultural symbolism of these stones enhances our appreciation of their beauty and significance. Whether used for their aesthetic appeal, their metaphysical properties, or their historical value, December’s birthstones offer something for everyone. They are not just symbols of the month of December but also enduring testaments to the enduring fascination with gemstones and their role in human history and culture.