For those born on July 28 or any time in July, the ruby is the designated birthstone—a gemstone of deep red beauty, rich symbolism, and enduring cultural significance. Known as the “king of precious stones” in ancient times, the ruby holds a unique place in the world of gemology and beyond. Its vivid color, derived from trace amounts of chromium, and its association with passion, power, and protection make it a captivating subject for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry collectors, and historians alike.
This article explores the ruby in depth, drawing from authoritative sources in gemology and cultural history. We’ll examine its historical significance, geological origins, gemological properties, and the metaphysical beliefs attributed to it. We’ll also offer practical advice on caring for ruby jewelry and discuss its role in modern celebrations, such as wedding anniversaries.
History and Lore of the Ruby
The ruby’s history is as rich and vibrant as its color. In ancient India, the ruby was revered as the “king of precious stones” due to its rarity, hardness, and beauty. It was believed to possess mystical powers and was worn by royalty and warriors alike. In Indian culture, the ruby was associated with the life force of blood, symbolizing power, youth, and vitality. Historical records suggest that the Mogok region in Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) has been a primary source of high-quality rubies for over five centuries.
In medieval Europe, ruby was thought to bring health, wisdom, and success in love. Some sources mention that it was also believed to predict misfortune or danger, and others claimed it could cure inflammatory diseases and soothe anger. Burmese warriors believed that wearing a ruby would make them invincible in battle.
The ruby also has biblical roots. According to the Book of Exodus (28:17-20), one of the 12 gemstones on the high priest Aaron’s breastplate was a ruby-like stone, representing one of the 12 tribes of Israel. This connection has contributed to the ruby’s enduring symbolic value across different cultures.
In the early 20th century, the birthstone tradition was formalized by the National Association of Jewelers in the United States, which assigned the ruby as the birthstone for July. While earlier traditions varied, the ruby’s association with July has become widely accepted in modern times.
Geological Formation and Sources of Ruby
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) with trace amounts of chromium that give the stone its signature red color. The more chromium present, the deeper and more intense the red hue becomes. The finest rubies exhibit a deep red with a hint of purple, often described in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.”
The formation of rubies occurs under specific geological conditions. They are typically found in metamorphic rocks such as marble and in igneous rocks like basalt. These conditions involve high pressure and heat over long periods, which allow the crystals to grow. The most famous ruby-producing regions include:
Myanmar (Burma): The Mogok region in Myanmar is historically the most renowned source of high-quality rubies. The area is known for producing rubies with a vivid red color and a glowing fluorescence. The region is also rich in cultural and spiritual history, with ancient Buddhist temples and weathered marble landscapes surrounding the mining areas.
Vietnam: In the late 20th century, Vietnam emerged as a significant ruby producer. The Luc Yen and Quy Chau regions in northern Vietnam are known for producing rubies with a red to purplish red color. Artisanal miners work in these areas, hoping to uncover gems that could transform their livelihoods.
Mozambique: Discovered in the early 21st century, the Montepuez ruby mines in Mozambique have become a major new source. The rubies from this region are comparable in quality to those from Mogok and have attracted global attention.
Thailand and Cambodia: For much of the late 20th century, ruby deposits along the border between Thailand and Cambodia were a major source of rubies in the market.
Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar: These countries also contribute to the global ruby supply, each producing stones with unique characteristics.
The geographical diversity of ruby sources contributes to the gemstone’s availability and price range. Rubies from certain regions—particularly those with the coveted “pigeon’s blood” color—can command extremely high prices in the market.
Gemological Properties of the Ruby
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, second only to diamond. This high hardness makes it suitable for use in rings, bracelets, and other types of jewelry that are frequently worn. Despite its hardness, rubies can still be damaged by impacts or abrasions, so proper care is essential.
Key Gemological Properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide) with trace chromium (Cr) |
| Color | Red, ranging from deep red to purplish red; the finest is called “pigeon’s blood” |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Refractive Index | 1.76–1.78 |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Cleavage | Basal, perfect; susceptible to splitting along certain planes |
| Specific Gravity | 3.95–4.03 |
The ruby’s refractive index and luster contribute to its brilliance and fire, making it a dazzling gemstone even without the dispersion seen in diamonds. Its deep red color is often enhanced by a glowing fluorescence, especially in rubies from Myanmar.
Rubies are typically cut into various shapes, including oval, cushion, round, and princess cuts. The choice of cut can influence the stone’s appearance and value. High-quality rubies with minimal inclusions and a vivid red color are the most sought after.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, the ruby has been associated with a wide range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. In ancient times, it was believed to be a protective stone that could ward off evil and danger. Many cultures also associated the ruby with love, passion, and vitality.
In medieval Europe, it was believed that the ruby could bring health, wisdom, and success in love. Some sources suggest that it was also used as a divination stone, with the ability to predict misfortune or danger. In India, the ruby was considered a symbol of power and youthful energy, often used in royal jewelry.
Modern metaphysical beliefs often attribute the ruby with enhancing confidence, courage, and emotional stability. It is considered a stone of vitality and is believed to stimulate the heart chakra, promoting love and passion. In some traditions, it is also used for grounding and protection.
The ruby is also associated with the zodiac sign Leo (July 23–August 22), and is believed to enhance the natural charisma and confidence of those born under this sign. However, zodiac birthstones differ from traditional birthstones, which are assigned by calendar month.
Ruby as a Wedding Anniversary Gemstone
In addition to being the birthstone for July, the ruby is traditionally associated with the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries. This makes it a meaningful gemstone for couples celebrating these significant milestones. The ruby’s deep red color symbolizes enduring love and passion, making it an appropriate and beautiful choice for anniversary jewelry.
Ruby jewelry for anniversaries often includes rings, pendants, and bracelets. The stone’s durability and timeless appeal make it a popular choice for heirloom pieces that can be passed down through generations.
Care and Cleaning of Ruby Jewelry
Due to its high hardness, ruby is generally a durable gemstone that can withstand daily wear. However, it is still important to care for ruby jewelry properly to maintain its beauty and value.
General Care Tips
Avoid Exposure to Harsh Chemicals: Rubies can be damaged by exposure to harsh chemicals, including household cleaners, perfumes, and lotions. It is best to remove ruby jewelry before using these products.
Avoid Extreme Heat and Sudden Temperature Changes: Rubies can be sensitive to extreme heat and rapid temperature changes, which can cause them to crack or fracture.
Cleaning Recommendations: Ruby can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for most rubies, but it is best to consult a professional jeweler before using this method, especially if the ruby has inclusions or is set in a delicate setting.
Storage: Store ruby jewelry in a soft pouch or a jewelry box to prevent scratches and damage from other gemstones.
By following these care tips, ruby jewelry can remain beautiful and valuable for many years.
Conclusion
The ruby is more than just a gemstone; it is a symbol of love, passion, power, and protection. As the birthstone for July, it holds a special place in the world of gemology and cultural history. From its geological formation in some of the world’s most renowned mining regions to its enduring symbolic significance in different cultures, the ruby continues to captivate and inspire.
Whether worn as a personal birthstone, a meaningful anniversary gift, or a piece of fine jewelry, the ruby remains a timeless and regal gemstone. Its deep red color, high hardness, and rich history make it a favorite among gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry collectors alike.