December is a month of rich symbolism and natural beauty, and its birthstones reflect this with a kaleidoscope of colors and historical depth. Among the five gemstones recognized as December birthstones—zircon, tanzanite, turquoise, blue topaz, and lapis lazuli—each carries a unique story, ranging from ancient cultural significance to modern gemological appreciation. These stones are not only admired for their aesthetic appeal but also for their spiritual symbolism, geological rarity, and cultural legacy.
This article will explore the origins, properties, symbolism, and practical considerations of each December birthstone, drawing from historical and scientific sources. Whether you are considering a birthstone for jewelry, seeking to understand its cultural significance, or simply fascinated by the world of gemstones, this guide offers a comprehensive overview of December’s radiant selections.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient civilizations, where gemstones were believed to carry protective and healing powers based on the month of one’s birth. This practice can be traced to the Breastplate of Aaron in the Bible, which listed twelve gemstones corresponding to the tribes of Israel. Over time, the concept evolved into the modern birthstone system, which associates each month with one or more gemstones.
For December, the selection of multiple stones reflects both historical and practical considerations. Turquoise and zircon have long been considered the primary December birthstones, with their deep blue and green hues symbolizing the cold yet vibrant essence of winter. However, as modern gemology and cultural preferences evolved, tanzanite, blue topaz, and lapis lazuli were added to the list, offering a broader range of colors, meanings, and accessibility.
Ancient and Cultural Significance
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with archaeological evidence of its use dating back over 6,000 years. Ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans all prized turquoise for its protective and spiritual properties. In Egypt, turquoise was associated with the goddess Hathor and was used in amulets and jewelry to ward off evil and promote good health. Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo and Hopi, used turquoise in ceremonial jewelry and believed it to be a bridge between the earth and the heavens.
Zircon, while less well-known, has a rich geological history. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals found to be over 4 billion years old. Zircon was historically confused with other gemstones such as topaz and diamond, but its distinct refractive properties and color dispersion have since been recognized. In medieval Europe, zircon was believed to bring wisdom and protection from harm.
Lapis lazuli has been revered since antiquity for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. Used by royalty and scholars alike, lapis lazuli was considered a stone of truth, wisdom, and enlightenment. Pharaohs of ancient Egypt wore lapis lazuli jewelry, and the stone was often ground into pigment for art and cosmetics.
Tanzanite, the youngest of the December birthstones, was only discovered in 1967 in Tanzania. Its unique blue to violet color and limited geographic source make it a rare and valuable gemstone. Named after Tanzania, the country in which it is found, tanzanite quickly became a symbol of exclusivity and beauty.
Blue topaz, on the other hand, is a more recent addition to the December birthstone list. While topaz has been used in jewelry for centuries, its blue coloration is typically achieved through irradiation or heat treatment. Blue topaz is admired for its clarity and affordability, making it a popular choice for modern jewelry.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones has a distinct geological formation and source, which contributes to its rarity, color, and value.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is found in a variety of colors, including blue, yellow, red, and brown, with the blue variety being the most popular as a December birthstone. Blue zircon is typically created through heat treatment, which transforms the natural brown or yellow color into a vibrant blue. Zircon is found in countries such as Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Australia, and Brazil.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is only found in a small region of Tanzania near Mount Kilimanjaro. The gemstone was discovered in 1967 by a miner searching for diamonds. Tanzanite’s blue to violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium, and its color can vary depending on the lighting conditions. Because of its limited source, tanzanite is considered a rare and valuable gemstone.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in arid regions where copper deposits are exposed to water. The gemstone is typically found in weathered volcanic rock and sedimentary rock. Turquoise is known for its blue-green color, which can vary depending on the concentration of copper and the presence of impurities such as iron. Major sources of turquoise include the United States (especially Nevada and Arizona), Iran, China, and Egypt.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, and most of the blue topaz used in jewelry is created through irradiation or heat treatment. These treatments alter the crystal structure of the stone, resulting in a beautiful blue color. Blue topaz is found in several countries, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It also contains pyrite, which gives the stone its characteristic golden flecks. Lapis lazuli forms under high pressure and temperature conditions, typically in the presence of sodium-rich minerals. The finest quality lapis lazuli is found in Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for both collectors and jewelers. These properties include hardness, refractive index, chemical composition, and durability.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Formula | Refractive Index | Durability Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, red, brown | 6–7.5 | ZrSiO₄ | 1.92–2.00 | High dispersion; heat-sensitive |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Ca₂Al₃(Fe³⁺,Al)Si₃O₁₂(OH) | 1.69–1.70 | Sensitive to heat and light; limited source |
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 1.61–1.63 | Soft and porous; easily scratched or stained |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Al₂SiO₆ | 1.61–1.63 | Hard and durable; may require irradiation |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with gold flecks | 5–6 | Lazurite + Pyrite + Calcite | 1.50–1.70 | Soft and porous; easily damaged or stained |
Key Properties and Differences
- Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, giving it a "fire" similar to diamonds. It is available in a range of colors, with blue zircon being the most popular for December.
- Tanzanite is prized for its unique blue to violet color and its limited geographic source. It has a relatively low hardness and is sensitive to heat and light, which can cause fading.
- Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone that can be easily scratched or stained. It is often treated with oils or resins to enhance its color and durability.
- Blue Topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a Mohs hardness of 8. It is durable and easy to care for, making it a popular choice for everyday jewelry.
- Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock with a hardness of 5–6. It is easily damaged and requires careful handling and cleaning to maintain its appearance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December’s birthstones have long been associated with symbolic and metaphysical properties, many of which are rooted in ancient traditions and cultural beliefs.
Zircon
Zircon has been associated with wisdom, clarity, and protection. In medieval Europe, it was believed to bring good fortune and protect the wearer from harm. Zircon is also said to enhance intuition and promote spiritual growth.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often linked to emotional healing and spiritual awakening. It is believed to help individuals release negative emotions and embrace inner peace. Tanzanite is also associated with the throat chakra, promoting communication and self-expression.
Turquoise
Turquoise has been used as a protective talisman in many cultures. It is believed to bring good luck, ward off evil, and promote physical and emotional well-being. In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that connects the earth and the heavens.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional balance. It is believed to help soothe stress and promote a sense of tranquility. Blue topaz is also thought to enhance creativity and inspire positive thinking.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a stone of wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It has long been associated with royalty, intellect, and spiritual growth. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was used in amulets to protect against illness and promote good health. It is also believed to enhance intuition and stimulate intellectual curiosity.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has unique care requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to light and chemicals.
Zircon
Zircon should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Store zircon separately to prevent scratches from harder gemstones.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and light, so it should be stored in a cool, dark place. Clean it with mild soap and warm water, and avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners. Handle tanzanite with care to avoid exposure to high temperatures.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft and porous gemstone that requires gentle care. Avoid exposure to oils, lotions, and perfumes, as these can stain the stone. Clean it with a soft cloth and mild soap, and avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners. Turquoise should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent drying out.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones and is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water or an ultrasonic cleaner. Avoid exposing it to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft and porous stone that can be easily damaged. Avoid exposure to oils, lotions, and perfumes, as these can stain the stone. Clean it with a soft cloth and mild soap, and avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners. Store lapis lazuli in a cool, dry place to prevent drying out.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique history, properties, and symbolism. From the vibrant blue of zircon and tanzanite to the deep green of turquoise and the rich blue of lapis lazuli, these stones reflect the beauty and complexity of the month of December. Whether used in jewelry, meditation, or as a personal talisman, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire.
Choosing the right December birthstone depends on personal preference, budget, and the intended use. For those seeking a durable and affordable gemstone, blue topaz is an excellent choice. For those who prefer rarity and exclusivity, tanzanite offers a unique and valuable option. Turquoise, zircon, and lapis lazuli each bring their own charm and symbolism, making them popular choices for collectors and jewelry lovers alike.
By understanding the history, properties, and care requirements of each December birthstone, you can make an informed decision that reflects your personal style and appreciation for gemstones.