The concept of birthstones is deeply rooted in history, culture, and human fascination with the natural world. For centuries, people have associated specific gemstones with the months of the year and the zodiac signs, believing these stones to bring protection, good fortune, and unique qualities to those born under their influence. Today, birthstone charts are widely recognized and celebrated, offering a blend of tradition, science, and symbolism that continues to captivate gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.
This article explores the origins, development, and current structure of birthstone charts by month. Drawing from authoritative sources, we examine the historical evolution of these charts, the gemstones assigned to each month, and the cultural and scientific significance of the stones. Additionally, we will explore the meaning and symbolism behind each birthstone, as well as practical information on their care and usage in jewelry.
Introduction
Birthstone charts are more than just a guide to selecting a meaningful gemstone for oneself or a loved one—they are a reflection of centuries of cultural and spiritual beliefs. The earliest records of birthstones can be traced back to the biblical story of Aaron’s Breastplate, described in the book of Exodus, which featured 12 different gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. Over time, these associations evolved, giving rise to the birthstone traditions we know today.
The modern birthstone chart was formalized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now known as Jewelers of America), and it has since been updated to include additional gemstones that reflect advancements in gemology and the discovery of new stones. Today, each month is associated with one or more gemstones, combining ancient traditions with contemporary preferences.
This article will explore the key elements of birthstone charts by month, including the historical context, the gemstones assigned to each month, their meanings and symbolism, and their geological properties. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of how birthstone charts have evolved and how they are used today.
History and Lore of Birthstone Charts
The origins of birthstone charts can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where gemstones were believed to possess mystical and protective powers. The earliest known reference to the association of gemstones with months is found in the biblical story of Aaron’s Breastplate, described in the Book of Exodus. According to this passage, the high priest Aaron wore a breastplate adorned with 12 gemstones, each representing one of the 12 tribes of Israel. These stones were believed to have divine significance and were used to communicate with God.
Over time, these gemstone associations were adapted and expanded by various cultures. In medieval Europe, for example, certain gemstones were believed to carry specific virtues or powers depending on the month in which they were worn. The idea that gemstones could influence one's fortune, health, and destiny became deeply embedded in European and Middle Eastern traditions.
By the 18th century, the concept of birthstones had gained popularity in Poland, where people began associating gemstones with the months of the year. This tradition eventually made its way to other parts of Europe and North America, where it was refined and standardized.
In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) published the first official modern birthstone chart. This list combined traditional European and Polish associations with gemological knowledge of the time, creating a standardized reference that is still widely used today. Since then, the list has been updated to reflect new discoveries and changing trends in the jewelry industry. For example, in 1952, Alexandrite was added as an alternative birthstone for June, and in 2016, Spinel was added for August.
Today, birthstone charts are a blend of ancient lore and modern science, reflecting both the cultural significance of gemstones and their physical properties. The charts now include both traditional and modern birthstones, allowing individuals to choose gemstones that align with their personal preferences and beliefs.
The Modern Birthstone Chart by Month
The modern birthstone chart, as standardized in 1912 and updated over the years, assigns specific gemstones to each month of the year. In some cases, multiple gemstones are listed for a single month, reflecting both traditional and modern interpretations. The following is a detailed overview of the modern birthstone chart by month, as outlined in the provided sources:
| Month | Modern Birthstone(s) | Ancient/Traditional Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine | Aquamarine, Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond | Diamond, Rock Crystal |
| May | Emerald | Emerald, Chrysoprase |
| June | Pearl, Alexandrite, Moonstone | Pearl |
| July | Ruby | Ruby, Carnelian, Onyx |
| August | Peridot, Spinel, Sardonyx | Peridot, Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire, Zircon |
| October | Opal, Tourmaline | Opal |
| November | Topaz, Citrine | Topaz |
| December | Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite | Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli |
January – Garnet
Garnet is the birthstone for January and is known for its deep red color, although it can also appear in shades of green, orange, and even colorless. The word "garnet" is derived from the Latin word granatum, meaning "pomegranate," due to the resemblance of the gemstone to the seeds of this fruit.
Historically, garnet was believed to offer protection and was often worn by travelers and warriors. In modern times, garnet is associated with vitality, friendship, and balance. It is also considered a symbol of love and trust.
Geological Properties: - Chemical Formula: Varies depending on the type (e.g., Pyrope: Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃) - Hardness (Mohs): 6.5–7.5 - Color: Red, green, orange, and colorless - Sources: India, Brazil, Madagascar, and the United States
Symbolism and Meaning: Garnet is believed to promote emotional stability, encourage truth and sincerity, and enhance one's vitality and energy. It is also said to help in healing and to offer protection against negative energies.
Care and Maintenance of Birthstones
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of birthstone jewelry. The specific care instructions for each gemstone depend on its hardness, chemical composition, and sensitivity to heat, light, and chemicals. Here are general guidelines for the care of some of the most common birthstones:
Garnet (January): Garnet is relatively hard and durable, but it can be scratched by harder materials. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. Avoid exposure to high heat or harsh chemicals.
Amethyst (February): Amethyst is a type of quartz and is moderately hard. It is sensitive to high heat and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, which can cause fading. It should be stored in a cool, dark place and cleaned with mild soap and water.
Aquamarine (March): Aquamarine is a member of the beryl family and is relatively hard. It is sensitive to heat and chemicals. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and stored away from other gemstones to avoid scratching.
Diamond (April): Diamond is the hardest known natural substance and is highly durable. It can be cleaned with a diamond-specific solution or a mild detergent and warm water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Emerald (May): Emerald is a type of beryl and is relatively soft and brittle. It is sensitive to heat and chemicals and can be easily chipped or cracked. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, and never exposed to ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
Pearl (June): Pearl is an organic gemstone and is highly sensitive to heat, chemicals, and abrasion. It should be stored separately from other gemstones and cleaned with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid exposing it to perfumes, lotions, or harsh chemicals.
Ruby (July): Ruby is a type of corundum and is very hard and durable. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to high heat or harsh chemicals.
Peridot (August): Peridot is relatively soft and can be scratched easily. It is also sensitive to heat and chemicals. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water and stored in a cool, dry place.
Sapphire (September): Sapphire is a type of corundum and is very hard and durable. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to high heat or harsh chemicals.
Opal (October): Opal is a soft and fragile gemstone that is sensitive to heat, chemicals, and dehydration. It should be stored in a cool, humid environment and cleaned with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid exposing it to direct sunlight or harsh chemicals.
Topaz (November): Topaz is a relatively hard gemstone and is fairly durable. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to high heat or harsh chemicals.
Turquoise (December): Turquoise is a soft and porous gemstone that is sensitive to heat, chemicals, and moisture. It should be stored in a cool, dry place and cleaned with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid exposing it to direct sunlight or harsh chemicals.
Conclusion
Birthstone charts by month offer a fascinating glimpse into the history, culture, and science of gemstones. From the biblical origins of the concept to the modern standardization of the chart, these associations reflect a deep human connection to the natural world and a desire to find meaning and symbolism in the objects we wear and cherish.
Each birthstone carries its own unique properties, meanings, and beauty, making them more than just decorative elements—they are symbols of personal identity, cultural heritage, and scientific wonder. Whether you are selecting a birthstone for yourself or as a meaningful gift for a loved one, understanding the history, symbolism, and care of these gemstones can enhance their value and significance.
As gemology continues to evolve, so too will our understanding and appreciation of birthstones. These ancient traditions, now supported by modern science, continue to inspire and captivate people around the world.