December is a month rich in tradition, symbolism, and the anticipation of the new year. For those born during this time, the month is also associated with a selection of beautiful blue gemstones that have captivated cultures and gem lovers for centuries. The official birthstones for December include Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz, all of which share the common theme of the color blue. This color is not only a visual delight but also a symbol of calm, prosperity, and spiritual awakening.
This article explores the meaning and history behind the December birthstone colors, the unique properties of each of the four gemstones, and their cultural and metaphysical significance. It also delves into the origins of the blue color in these stones, as well as the practical care and maintenance tips for these precious gems.
Introduction
December’s birthstone color—blue—is a unifying feature among the four gemstones that represent the month: Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz. These stones, though different in their geological origins and physical properties, share a common chromatic thread that has made them deeply symbolic and beloved across cultures and time periods. The color blue is often associated with serenity, protection, and spiritual insight, making it a fitting choice for December’s birthstone.
While Turquoise has historically been the most recognized of these gems, the modern era has added Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz to the list of December’s official birthstones. Each of these stones offers a distinct shade of blue, ranging from the deep cobalt of Tanzanite to the lighter, more translucent tones of Turquoise and Blue Topaz.
In this article, we will explore the origins and history of the December birthstone color, the unique characteristics and symbolism of each gemstone, and how they have been used in jewelry and spiritual practices over time. We will also examine the geological processes that create these colors and the practical considerations for caring for these precious stones.
History and Lore
Ancient Traditions and the Rise of Blue as a Symbolic Color
The use of blue gemstones in jewelry and spiritual practices dates back to ancient civilizations. Turquoise, in particular, has been treasured for millennia. The name "Turquoise" comes from the French "pierre turquoise", meaning "Turkish stone," as the gem was first introduced to Europe through Turkish traders in the 16th century. However, its origins are much older.
In ancient Egypt, Pharaohs and other high-ranking individuals adorned themselves with turquoise, which was believed to offer protection, good fortune, and health. The stone was also used in religious and ceremonial contexts, often carved into amulets and inlays for ceremonial masks.
In ancient China, turquoise was used by artisans as early as 3,000 years ago, often in the form of carved pendants and inlaid in jade. In Persia, turquoise was considered a sacred stone and was used in the construction of religious temples and royal regalia.
The 13th century saw an expansion of turquoise’s symbolic power in the Hindu tradition, where it was believed that seeing the stone after observing the new moon could bring wealth and prosperity. During the medieval period in Europe, turquoise was thought to protect the wearer from falling, especially off horses, and would shatter in the presence of danger, serving as a kind of early warning system.
The Jewelers of America (JA) officially recognized turquoise as a December birthstone in the 20th century, but prior to that, bloodstone and ruby were also considered. In 1912, the JA listed turquoise as one of the two primary December birthstones, alongside lapis lazuli. Over time, other blue gems like zircon and tanzanite were added to the list, reflecting the growing appreciation for the color blue in gemstone jewelry.
Tanzanite, in particular, is a modern discovery, first identified in the 1960s in northern Tanzania. Its vibrant violet-blue color and rarity quickly made it a popular choice for December birthstone jewelry. Blue Zircon, on the other hand, has a longer history, with evidence of its use in jewelry dating back over 2,000 years. It is known for its sparkling brilliance and is often cut to enhance its fire and dispersion.
The addition of Blue Topaz as a December birthstone is a more recent development, and while there has been some controversy over its inclusion, it has now been officially recognized. Blue Topaz is known for its bright, clear blue color and durability, making it a popular choice for everyday wear.
Throughout history, the color blue has held a special place in human culture. In many ancient societies, it was associated with the divine, the celestial, and the mysterious. In December, where the cold and dark days of winter begin, the calming and optimistic qualities of blue make it a particularly fitting choice for a birthstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
The Origins of Blue in December Birthstones
The blue coloration in December’s birthstones is the result of a combination of mineral composition, chemical impurities, and geological processes that have taken place over millions of years. Each gemstone owes its blue hue to different factors, which contribute to the diversity of shades and intensities seen in these stones.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral that forms in arid regions, often in the presence of copper-rich groundwater. The blue and green colors of turquoise are due to the presence of copper, while the iron content can create a greenish tone. The matrix, or the surrounding rock material, often appears as black or brown veins within the stone, adding to its natural beauty and uniqueness.
Turquoise is typically opaque to semi-translucent and has a waxy to greasy luster. It is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, which means it requires careful handling and is best suited for certain types of jewelry settings.
The primary sources of turquoise include:
- Iran (historically known as the source of the finest turquoise in antiquity)
- China (especially the Xinjiang region)
- United States (particularly in New Mexico, Nevada, and Arizona)
- Egypt
- Russia
- Australia
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral and a triple-color variety of zoisite, with its most notable feature being its violet-blue coloration. This color is due to the presence of trivalent iron (Fe³⁺) in the crystal structure. Tanzanite is unique in that it exhibits trichroism, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, purple, and green—depending on the angle from which it is viewed.
Tanzanite is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, making it suitable for everyday wear when set in appropriate jewelry. However, it is sensitive to heat and light, so it should be stored in a cool, dark place.
Tanzanite is only found in one location in the world: northern Tanzania, near the Usambara Mountains. This exclusivity contributes to its high value and desirability in the gemstone market.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that occurs in a wide range of colors, with blue zircon being one of the most popular varieties. The blue coloration in zircon is the result of heat treatment, which removes impurities and alters the crystal structure to produce the rich blue tones seen in this gemstone.
Blue zircon is harder than turquoise but softer than Tanzanite, with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7.5. It is durable enough for everyday wear, provided it is set in a secure setting to prevent chipping.
The primary sources of zircon include:
- Australia
- Zambia
- Brazil
- Madagascar
- India
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral that is naturally colorless, but its blue coloration is the result of irradiation and heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure to produce the vibrant blue hues seen in this gemstone. The most popular shade is Sky Blue, followed by London Blue and Swiss Blue.
Blue topaz is very durable, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it suitable for all types of jewelry and daily wear. It is also relatively affordable, which has contributed to its popularity as a birthstone.
The primary sources of topaz include:
- Brazil
- Nigeria
- Russia
- Myanmar
- United States
Gemological Properties
Comparing the Four December Birthstones
To better understand the unique characteristics of each December birthstone, here is a comparative table summarizing their key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Color Range | Mohs Hardness | Luster | Transparency | Primary Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue, Green | 5 - 6 | Waxy to Greasy | Opaque to Translucent | Iran, China, USA, Egypt, Russia, Australia |
| Tanzanite | Violet-Blue, Trichroic | 6 - 7 | Vitreous | Translucent | Tanzania (exclusive) |
| Blue Zircon | Blue, Sparkling | 6 - 7.5 | Vitreous | Translucent | Australia, Zambia, Brazil, Madagascar, India |
| Blue Topaz | Blue (Sky, London, Swiss) | 8 | Vitreous | Transparent | Brazil, Nigeria, Russia, Myanmar, USA |
Each of these gemstones offers a distinct visual and tactile experience, making them versatile choices for jewelry design and personal adornment.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The Power of Blue in December Birthstones
The color blue has long been associated with calm, clarity, and spiritual awakening, making it an ideal choice for December’s birthstone. Each of the December birthstones carries its own unique symbolism, rooted in cultural traditions and metaphysical beliefs.
Turquoise
Turquoise has been revered for its protective and healing properties across many cultures. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to ward off illness and bring good fortune. In Native American cultures, particularly among the Navajo and Hopi, turquoise was considered a sacred stone that connected the earth and sky, symbolizing healing, protection, and spiritual power.
In modern times, turquoise is still associated with positive energy, emotional balance, and communication. It is believed to enhance intuition and promote self-expression, making it a popular stone for those seeking clarity and confidence.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known for its calming and soothing properties, making it an ideal stone for those dealing with stress, anxiety, and emotional imbalance. It is believed to open the heart and mind, promoting empathy, understanding, and spiritual growth.
Tanzanite is also associated with inner strength and resilience, helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with grace and wisdom. Its rarity and exclusivity also make it a symbol of individuality and uniqueness.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is often referred to as the "stone of wisdom and intuition", as it is believed to enhance mental clarity, focus, and insight. It is also associated with protection and divine guidance, making it a popular choice for those seeking spiritual protection and inner peace.
Blue zircon is also known for its ability to absorb and store energy, making it a powerful tool for meditation and healing. It is believed to align the chakras and promote emotional balance, particularly in the third eye and throat chakras.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional balance. It is believed to soothe the mind and reduce stress, making it an ideal stone for those dealing with emotional turmoil or anxiety.
Blue topaz is also known for its ability to enhance creativity and inspiration, making it a popular choice for artists, writers, and dreamers. It is also believed to promote loyalty and trust, making it a meaningful gift for relationships.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the Beauty of December Birthstones
Given the unique properties and sensitivities of each December birthstone, it is important to handle and clean them with care to preserve their beauty and longevity.
Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, making it susceptible to damage from chemicals, heat, and moisture. It should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and other gemstones that could scratch or chip it.
To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth with warm, soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steamers, as these can damage the stone.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and light, which can alter its color and stability. It should be stored in a dark, cool place, away from other gemstones.
To clean Tanzanite, use a soft cloth with warm, soapy water. Avoid exposure to high temperatures, as this can cause the stone to fade or crack.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is relatively hard and durable, but it should still be handled with care to avoid chipping or cracking. It is best stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
To clean Blue Zircon, use a soft cloth with warm, soapy water. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone’s surface.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is very durable, with a high resistance to scratches and wear. It is suitable for all types of jewelry and can be cleaned using standard methods.
To clean Blue Topaz, use a soft cloth with warm, soapy water or a jewelry cleaning solution. It can also be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners, as it is not sensitive to heat or light.
Conclusion
The blue hues of December’s birthstones represent a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and beauty. From the ancient reverence for Turquoise to the modern discovery of Tanzanite, and the timeless elegance of Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz, these gemstones offer a beautiful and meaningful connection to those born in December.
Whether worn as jewelry, talismans, or spiritual tools, these stones serve as reminders of the power of color, the importance of tradition, and the enduring allure of gemstones. As we continue to explore and appreciate the natural wonders of the earth, the December birthstones will remain a source of inspiration, protection, and personal expression for generations to come.