December, the final month of the calendar year, is uniquely distinguished in the world of gemstones for its array of birthstones. Unlike many months that are associated with a single gemstone, December is celebrated with a collection of five distinct stones: zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. This variety allows individuals born in December to choose a gemstone that resonates with their personal style, historical significance, and spiritual symbolism.
This article delves into the rich tapestry of December’s birthstones, examining their geological origins, cultural meanings, and gemological properties. We will explore how these gemstones came to be associated with December, their roles in history and folklore, and the practical aspects of caring for these precious stones. Each birthstone is not only a symbol of beauty but also a connection to the past and a reflection of individuality in the present.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months is deeply rooted in history. The concept dates back to biblical times, where the High Priest’s breastplate was said to contain twelve stones, each representing a tribe of Israel. This ancient practice laid the foundation for the modern birthstone tradition, which gained formal recognition in the 19th and 20th centuries.
December’s selection of birthstones has evolved over time. Lapis lazuli, for instance, was once considered a primary birthstone for the month before the 1950s. This deep blue stone was revered in ancient Egypt, where it was used in royal jewelry and as a symbol of wisdom and truth. The stone was also highly valued by Renaissance artists, who ground it into pigment for their paintings.
By the 1950s, zircon replaced lapis lazuli as an official December birthstone. Zircon, a mineral with a long geological history, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and has been found in meteorites and ancient rocks. Blue zircon, in particular, became popular as a December birthstone due to its vibrant color and clarity.
In 2002, tanzanite was added to the list of December birthstones. Discovered in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, tanzanite is a relatively modern gemstone with a striking blue to violet hue. Its rarity and beauty quickly made it a favorite in the jewelry world.
Meanwhile, turquoise and blue topaz have maintained their status as December birthstones for decades. Turquoise has been used in jewelry and ornaments since antiquity, and its association with protection and good fortune has persisted across many cultures. Blue topaz, with its calm and serene appearance, became a popular alternative to more expensive stones, especially in the modern jewelry market.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December serves a practical purpose as well. It offers a range of options in terms of color, price, and personal meaning, allowing individuals to choose a gemstone that best suits their preferences and values.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones has a unique geological origin and is found in specific regions of the world.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits, where acidic solutions containing copper and aluminum interact with groundwater. The resulting stone is porous and has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. Turquoise is typically found in arid regions, such as the southwestern United States, Iran, and China.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Natural blue topaz is rare; most blue topaz on the market is created through irradiation or heat treatment. The stone is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)₂·H₂O. It is found only in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it one of the most geographically exclusive gemstones in the world. Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale and is known for its pleochroism, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with additional minerals such as pyrite and calcite. It forms under high-pressure conditions and is found in areas with ancient volcanic activity. The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, though it is also found in Chile, Russia, and Canada. Lapis lazuli has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale and is often carved into cabochons or inlays.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. Blue zircon, the most common variety associated with December, is created through heat treatment. Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Brazil. It has a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale and is known for its high refractive index, which gives it a brilliant, fiery appearance.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for both collectors and jewelry buyers. These properties determine the stone’s durability, appearance, and care requirements.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color | Refractive Index | Transparency | Cleavage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5–6 | Blue, green | 1.60–1.64 | Opaque | None |
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | 8 | Blue | 1.61–1.63 | Transparent | None |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)₂·H₂O | 6–7 | Blue-violet | 1.69–1.70 | Transparent | Poor |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite + Pyrite + Calcite | 5–6 | Deep blue | 1.5–1.7 | Opaque | None |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6–7.5 | Blue, colorless | 1.92–2.00 | Transparent | Poor |
Turquoise
Turquoise is known for its blue-green color, which can range from pale sky blue to deep greenish blue. It is an opaque gemstone with a hardness of 5–6, making it relatively soft and prone to scratches. Turquoise is also porous, which means it can absorb oils, chemicals, and moisture. This property makes it susceptible to discoloration and damage.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a transparent gemstone with a high refractive index, giving it a brilliant, glassy appearance. Its hardness of 8 makes it one of the most durable December birthstones. Blue topaz is available in various shades of blue, from pale sky blue to deep London blue.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a pleochroic gemstone, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. It has a hardness of 6–7, which makes it suitable for jewelry but requires careful handling to avoid scratches and fractures. Tanzanite is often cut into faceted stones to enhance its color and brilliance.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It is often inlaid with flecks of golden pyrite, which add visual interest. Lapis lazuli is opaque and has a hardness of 5–6, making it suitable for carvings and cabochons. It is not typically faceted due to its composition.
Zircon
Zircon is a highly refractive gemstone with a hardness of 6–7.5. It is available in a range of colors, including blue, colorless, yellow, and red. Blue zircon, the most common variety associated with December, has a brilliant fire and is often used as a diamond simulant. Zircon has a high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling appearance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December’s birthstones are not only valued for their beauty but also for their symbolic and spiritual significance. These gemstones have been associated with various meanings and powers across different cultures and eras.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a stone of protection, prosperity, and good fortune. In many ancient cultures, it was believed to ward off negative energies and bring positive change. Native American tribes used turquoise in jewelry and rituals, considering it a sacred stone. In Chinese culture, turquoise was associated with the heavens and was used in imperial ornaments.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is often associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional balance. It is believed to enhance self-esteem and intellectual abilities, making it a popular choice for meditation and personal growth. Some sources suggest that blue topaz can help align the body’s energy meridians and promote spiritual connection.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is considered a stone of transformation and spiritual awakening. It is believed to facilitate communication between the heart and mind, allowing individuals to express their emotions and thoughts more clearly. Tanzanite is also associated with intuition and inner wisdom.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has been revered for its connection to wisdom, truth, and intellectual power. In ancient Egypt, it was used in royal jewelry and was believed to enhance the wearer’s ability to think and learn. Lapis lazuli is also associated with spiritual enlightenment and is often used in meditation practices.
Zircon
Zircon is associated with joy, emotional balance, and vitality. It is believed to enhance one’s emotional well-being and promote a sense of inner peace. Zircon is also considered a protective stone, helping to ward off negative energies and promote positivity.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone requires specific handling and cleaning methods due to its unique properties.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft and porous gemstone that is easily damaged by chemicals, heat, and moisture. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid exposure to strong light, heat, and chemicals, as these can cause discoloration and damage. Turquoise should not be soaked in water or exposed to ultrasonic cleaners.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It can also be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners. However, avoid exposing blue topaz to sudden temperature changes, as this can cause fractures.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage. Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures. It is also advisable to avoid wearing tanzanite jewelry during activities that may cause impact or abrasion.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is an opaque gemstone that can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch the surface. Lapis lazuli should not be exposed to prolonged sunlight or heat, as this can cause fading.
Zircon
Zircon should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause damage. Zircon is sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures. It is also advisable to avoid wearing zircon jewelry during activities that may cause impact or abrasion.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—represent a rich and diverse selection of gemstones that reflect the month’s unique character. Each stone has its own geological history, cultural significance, and spiritual meaning, making them more than just beautiful ornaments. Whether chosen for their color, durability, or symbolism, these gemstones offer a meaningful connection to the past and a personal expression of individuality.
For those born in December, these birthstones provide a range of options to suit different tastes and preferences. Whether one is drawn to the vibrant blue of turquoise, the serene calm of blue topaz, or the deep wisdom of lapis lazuli, each gemstone carries its own unique story and significance. By understanding the properties and care requirements of these stones, wearers can ensure their beauty and value endure for generations to come.