The month of September is associated with one of the most iconic and revered gemstones in the world—sapphire. Known for its stunning blue hue and symbolic associations with truth, nobility, and divine connection, the sapphire has captivated civilizations for millennia. While sapphire is the traditional birthstone for September, it also has historical and symbolic company with alternative birthstones like carnelian and lapis lazuli. This article explores the geological and gemological properties of sapphire, its deep historical roots, cultural symbolism, and its enduring role in jewelry and modern society.
History and Lore of the September Birthstone
The September birthstone, sapphire, has a long and storied history that spans across cultures and epochs. Its name is derived from the Greek word sappheiros, meaning "blue stone," a reference to the most iconic color of this gem. Sapphires have been admired for their beauty and symbolic power since ancient times.
In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphire was believed to offer protection against harm and envy. It was worn by the elite, who associated the gem with the gods—particularly Zeus and Apollo. The stone was also revered by the clergy of the Middle Ages, who viewed sapphires as a symbol of Heaven and divine wisdom. The ancient Persians, for instance, believed that the earth rested on a giant sapphire, which reflected the blue color of the sky.
Sapphire’s spiritual and protective qualities made it a popular choice among royalty and the ruling class. During the Middle Ages, it was believed that sapphires could cure diseases of the eye and were even considered an antidote to poison. These beliefs, rooted in medieval folklore, further cemented sapphire’s reputation as a powerful and sacred stone.
In more modern history, sapphire has retained its regal associations. Perhaps the most famous sapphire in recent memory is the one set in the engagement ring worn by Princess Diana and later by Kate Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge. The 12-carat Ceylon sapphire in the ring has become an enduring symbol of royal elegance and the gem's timeless appeal.
Sapphire also holds a place in the tradition of wedding anniversaries. It is the gemstone that symbolizes the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, making it not only a personal birthstone but also a stone of lasting love and commitment.
Geological Formation and Sources of Sapphires
Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a mineral composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). While corundum is naturally colorless, the presence of trace elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium, and magnesium gives sapphire its characteristic color. The most common and well-known sapphire is the blue variety, which results from the presence of both iron and titanium.
Despite its name, sapphire is not limited to blue. Sapphires can be found in a wide range of colors, including pink, yellow, green, purple, orange, and even colorless (which are sometimes referred to as white sapphires). These color variations are known as "fancy sapphires." The red variety of corundum is classified separately as ruby, which is essentially a corundum with a high concentration of chromium.
Sapphires are formed deep within the Earth's crust under high temperature and pressure conditions. They are typically found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and are mined from a variety of locations around the world. Historically, some of the most renowned sources of sapphire include:
- Kashmir: Known for producing sapphires with a unique cornflower blue color and a velvety appearance.
- Myanmar (formerly Burma): A traditional source for high-quality blue sapphires.
- Sri Lanka: Produces a wide range of sapphire colors and has a long history of gemstone mining.
- Australia: Known for its "Parting of the Clouds" sapphires, which are large and of high quality.
- Madagascar: A major modern producer of sapphires in various colors.
- Thailand and Cambodia: Also significant contributors to the global sapphire trade.
Sapphires are highly durable, ranking at 9.0 on the Mohs hardness scale, which makes them second only to diamonds in terms of hardness. This durability makes them ideal for everyday wear, especially in jewelry such as rings and bracelets.
Gemological Properties of Sapphire
Sapphire is a gemstone of exceptional beauty and resilience, making it a popular choice for both fine and fashion jewelry. Below is a summary of its key gemological properties, based on the information from the sources:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9.0 |
| Refractive Index | 1.76–1.78 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.95–4.10 |
| Color | Blue (most common), also pink, yellow, green, purple, orange, and more |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Cleavage | Basal (perfect) |
| Luminescence | Fluorescent under ultraviolet light in some varieties |
| Common Cuts | Round, oval, cushion, emerald, pear |
| Treatment | Heat treatment is common to enhance color and clarity |
Sapphires are often heat-treated to improve their color and clarity. This process is widely accepted in the gem trade and does not diminish the value of the stone, as long as it is disclosed. Some sapphires may also be irradiated or treated with beryllium to alter their color.
Sapphires are typically evaluated using the "four Cs": color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. However, due to their widespread availability and variety of colors, sapphires are often valued more for their color and rarity than for their carat weight. A high-quality blue sapphire with a vivid, even color and excellent clarity can be more valuable than a larger but less attractive sapphire.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The sapphire has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and nobility. These symbolic meanings have made it a popular gemstone in both historical and contemporary contexts.
In ancient times, sapphire was believed to have protective and healing properties. Medieval Europeans thought that sapphires could cure plague boils and eye diseases. Some also believed that the gem could act as an antidote to poison. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contributed to the stone’s mystique and enduring appeal.
Sapphire has also been linked to spiritual and divine connections. In ancient Greece, it was believed that wearing a sapphire could help one communicate with the gods. Oracles would often wear sapphire rings during divinations, believing that the gem enhanced their ability to receive prophetic messages. This tradition of sapphire as a tool for spiritual insight has persisted in various forms throughout history.
In modern times, sapphire is still considered a stone of wisdom and clarity. It is believed to promote calmness, enhance intuition, and encourage spiritual growth. Some people wear sapphires to help them stay focused and grounded, particularly during meditation or important decision-making.
The gem’s association with royalty and romance has also made it a popular choice for engagement rings. Its deep blue color symbolizes loyalty and constancy, making it a fitting representation of enduring love. The fact that it is the September birthstone only adds to its significance for those born in this month.
Care and Maintenance of Sapphire Jewelry
Given its high hardness and durability, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. However, like all gemstones, it can still be damaged if not handled properly. Here are some tips for maintaining the beauty and longevity of sapphire jewelry:
- Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals: While sapphires are resistant to most chemicals, it is best to remove sapphire jewelry before using cleaning agents, perfumes, or lotions.
- Clean with mild soap and warm water: A soft cloth and mild soap can be used to clean sapphire jewelry. Soak the jewelry in warm, soapy water for a few minutes, then gently scrub with a soft-bristled brush.
- Avoid extreme temperatures: Sapphires can be sensitive to extreme heat or cold. It is best to avoid exposing them to sudden temperature changes, such as moving from a hot environment to a cold one.
- Store properly: To prevent scratches and damage, store sapphire jewelry separately in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box.
- Professional cleaning and inspection: If the sapphire has been treated (e.g., heat-treated), it is important to have it professionally cleaned and inspected periodically.
By following these simple care tips, sapphire jewelry can retain its beauty for many years.
Alternative September Birthstones
While sapphire is the traditional birthstone for September, there are also two alternative birthstones that can be considered: carnelian and lapis lazuli.
Carnelian
Carnelian is a vibrant red-orange gemstone that is a variety of chalcedony. It has been used for cameos and jewelry for centuries and is associated with fertility, confidence, and abundance. Carnelian is believed to have the ability to cleanse other stones and promote positive energy. It is rated at 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it less durable than sapphire but still suitable for jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a deep blue stone with flecks of white or gold. It has been used in ancient cultures for its spiritual and divine associations. Lapis lazuli is believed to be a powerful stone that promotes wisdom and spiritual connection. It is rated between 5 and 6 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it more delicate than sapphire but still suitable for certain types of jewelry.
Both carnelian and lapis lazuli offer unique beauty and symbolism, making them appealing options for those who prefer a different September birthstone.
Conclusion
The sapphire, as the traditional September birthstone, is a gemstone of remarkable beauty, historical significance, and enduring appeal. Its deep blue color, symbolic associations, and gemological properties have made it a favorite among royalty, clergy, and jewelry lovers for centuries. From its ancient roots in Greek and Roman mythology to its modern-day presence in royal jewelry and fine gemstone collections, sapphire remains a symbol of wisdom, nobility, and spiritual insight.
For those born in September, sapphire is a meaningful and elegant choice that reflects their birth month and offers a connection to history, culture, and tradition. Whether in a classic blue sapphire or in one of its many colorful varieties, this gemstone continues to inspire and captivate. And for those who prefer alternatives, carnelian and lapis lazuli offer equally compelling options with their own rich histories and symbolic meanings.
Ultimately, the sapphire and its alternative counterparts make September a month of rich gemstone heritage, offering a wide range of choices for jewelry, symbolism, and personal expression.