Birthstones have long captivated the human imagination, serving as both beautiful adornments and meaningful symbols. Each month of the year is associated with a specific gemstone, a tradition that dates back centuries and continues to evolve with modern adaptations. These stones are not only cherished for their aesthetic appeal but also for their historical and cultural significance. Whether used in jewelry, worn as talismans, or gifted as tokens of affection or celebration, birthstones are deeply embedded in the human experience.
This article provides a detailed exploration of the 12 modern birthstones—the gemstones officially recognized for each month of the year. Drawing from the most reliable and widely accepted sources, we will examine the scientific properties, historical origins, cultural symbolism, and practical care of each stone. The information presented here is grounded in the latest updates from authoritative institutions such as the Gemological Institute of America (GIA), as well as long-standing traditions that have shaped the modern birthstone calendar.
The modern birthstone list was standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now the Jewelers of America) to provide consistency across the industry. Over time, this list has been revised, most notably in 2019, to include additional stones for months where multiple options were already in use. For example, June now includes pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite; October has opal and tourmaline; and August features peridot, sardonyx, and spinel.
This article will explore each of the 12 modern birthstones in turn, offering a comprehensive overview of their chemical composition, hardness, color, and sources, as well as their historical use, cultural meanings, and care instructions. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the symbolic meaning of your birthstone, this guide will serve as a valuable reference.
January – Garnet
Historical and Cultural Significance
Garnet has been revered for centuries and is one of the oldest known gemstones. The name "garnet" is derived from the Latin word granatus, meaning "grain-like," a reference to its resemblance to the red seeds of the pomegranate. Garnet has been used since ancient times in jewelry and as a protective talisman. It was especially significant in the ancient world, including in Roman times, where it was often used in signet rings and cameos. Garnet was also considered a symbol of truth and loyalty.
Gemological Properties
Garnet is a silicate mineral that comes in a wide range of colors, though the most common is red. It is part of a group of minerals with similar crystal structures but different chemical compositions. The most well-known varieties include almandine (deep red), pyrope (bright red), and grossular (green or yellow). Garnet has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7.5, making it relatively durable for everyday wear.
- Chemical Composition: Varies by type (e.g., Almandine: Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃)
- Hardness: 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.70–1.90
- Luster: Vitreous to resinous
- Common Colors: Red, green, orange, purple, yellow
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, garnet can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is generally not sensitive to heat or chemicals, but it should be handled with care to avoid scratches.
February – Amethyst
Historical and Cultural Significance
Amethyst, a purple variety of quartz, has been associated with sobriety and protection since ancient times. The name comes from the Greek amethystos, meaning "not drunk," based on the belief that drinking wine from amethyst goblets would prevent intoxication. Amethyst was highly valued in the Roman Empire and was often carved into intricate cameos and intaglios.
Gemological Properties
Amethyst is a form of quartz and is known for its beautiful violet color, which can range from pale lavender to deep purple. It is one of the most popular gemstones due to its affordability and durability.
- Chemical Composition: SiO₂
- Hardness: 7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.54–1.55
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Purple, sometimes with hints of red or blue
Care and Cleaning
Amethyst is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to prolonged sunlight, as this can cause the color to fade.
March – Aquamarine
Historical and Cultural Significance
Aquamarine, a blue-green variety of beryl, has long been associated with the sea. Its name comes from the Latin aqua marina, meaning "sea water." In ancient times, it was believed to protect sailors from the dangers of the ocean and to calm their nerves. It was also used as a symbol of youth and hope.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine is a member of the beryl family and is known for its clear, light blue to greenish-blue color. It is relatively hard and can be found in large sizes, making it ideal for jewelry.
- Chemical Composition: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
- Hardness: 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.57–1.58
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Blue, greenish-blue
Care and Cleaning
Aquamarine is durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also relatively resistant to heat and chemicals.
April – Diamond
Historical and Cultural Significance
Diamond is the most iconic of all gemstones, symbolizing strength, purity, and eternal love. It has been used for centuries in royal regalia and is the most commonly used gemstone in engagement rings. Diamonds have been mined in India for thousands of years and were later discovered in Brazil and South Africa.
Gemological Properties
Diamond is the hardest natural substance on Earth and is composed of pure carbon. It is known for its brilliance, fire, and durability.
- Chemical Composition: C
- Hardness: 10 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 2.417
- Luster: Adamantine
- Common Colors: Colorless, yellow, brown, pink, blue
Care and Cleaning
Diamonds are extremely durable but can be chipped if struck with another diamond or a hard object. They can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
May – Emerald
Historical and Cultural Significance
Emerald, a green variety of beryl, has been prized for its vivid color and beauty. It was considered sacred in ancient Egypt and was used in jewelry by Cleopatra. Emeralds were also believed to have healing properties and were used in talismans for protection and wisdom.
Gemological Properties
Emerald is one of the "Big Three" precious gemstones, along with ruby and sapphire. It is known for its deep green color, caused by the presence of chromium or vanadium.
- Chemical Composition: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
- Hardness: 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.57–1.58
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Green
Care and Cleaning
Emeralds are often treated with oil or resin to enhance their color and clarity. They should be cleaned gently with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid exposure to heat or chemicals, which can damage the stone.
June – Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite
Historical and Cultural Significance
June has three official birthstones: pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite. Pearls have been cultivated for centuries and were highly valued in ancient China and Rome. Moonstone has been associated with femininity and intuition, while alexandrite is a rare and valuable gemstone that changes color in different lighting.
Gemological Properties
Pearl
- Chemical Composition: Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)
- Hardness: 2.5–4.5 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Pearly
- Common Colors: White, pink, cream
Moonstone
- Chemical Composition: Sodium and potassium aluminum silicate
- Hardness: 6–6.5 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Pearly
- Common Colors: White, gray, blue
Alexandrite
- Chemical Composition: BeAl₂O₄
- Hardness: 8.5–9 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.74–1.78
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Green in daylight, red in artificial light
Care and Cleaning
- Pearls should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth and kept away from chemicals and moisture.
- Moonstone is relatively soft and should be handled carefully. Clean with warm, soapy water.
- Alexandrite is durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
July – Ruby
Historical and Cultural Significance
Ruby, a red variety of corundum, has been considered the "king of gemstones" in many cultures. It has been associated with power, passion, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good fortune and was often used in royal jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Ruby is one of the hardest and most valuable gemstones, known for its intense red color caused by the presence of chromium.
- Chemical Composition: Al₂O₃
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Red
Care and Cleaning
Ruby is very durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is also resistant to heat and chemicals.
August – Peridot, Sardonyx, and Spinel
Historical and Cultural Significance
August has three official birthstones: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. Peridot has been used since ancient times and was believed to have protective powers. Sardonyx was used in Roman times for signet rings and was associated with strength and courage. Spinel is a relatively new addition to the modern birthstone list and is often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its similar appearance.
Gemological Properties
Peridot
- Chemical Composition: Mg₂SiO₄
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.65–1.70
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Green
Sardonyx
- Chemical Composition: Silica
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Waxy
- Common Colors: Red and white bands
Spinel
- Chemical Composition: MgAl₂O₄
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.718
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Red, pink, blue
Care and Cleaning
- Peridot can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth.
- Sardonyx is relatively soft and should be handled with care. Clean with warm, soapy water.
- Spinel is durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
September – Sapphire
Historical and Cultural Significance
Sapphire, a blue variety of corundum, has been associated with wisdom, truth, and nobility. It has been used in royal regalia and was believed to protect the wearer from harm. Sapphires were also used in ancient times as talismans for protection and good fortune.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire is one of the hardest and most valuable gemstones, known for its deep blue color caused by the presence of iron and titanium.
- Chemical Composition: Al₂O₃
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Blue, pink, yellow, green
Care and Cleaning
Sapphire is extremely durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is also resistant to heat and chemicals.
October – Opal and Tourmaline
Historical and Cultural Significance
October has two official birthstones: opal and tourmaline. Opal has been associated with mystery and creativity, while tourmaline is known for its wide range of colors and is often referred to as the "gemstone of many colors." Opal was considered a symbol of hope and inspiration in ancient times.
Gemological Properties
Opal
- Chemical Composition: H₂O·SiO₂·nH₂O
- Hardness: 5.5–6.5 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Vitreous to greasy
- Common Colors: Multicolored
Tourmaline
- Chemical Composition: Complex borosilicate
- Hardness: 7–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Black, pink, green, blue
Care and Cleaning
- Opal is relatively soft and should be cleaned gently with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It can be sensitive to heat and should be stored in a humid environment to prevent cracking.
- Tourmaline is more durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
November – Topaz and Citrine
Historical and Cultural Significance
November has two official birthstones: topaz and citrine. Topaz has been associated with strength and protection, while citrine is believed to bring happiness and good fortune. Topaz was once believed to be a stone of power and was used in ancient talismans.
Gemological Properties
Topaz
- Chemical Composition: Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.62
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Yellow, blue, pink
Citrine
- Chemical Composition: SiO₂
- Hardness: 7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.54–1.55
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Yellow, orange, brown
Care and Cleaning
- Topaz is durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
- Citrine is also durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth.
December – Turquoise, Zircon, and Tanzanite
Historical and Cultural Significance
December has three official birthstones: turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Turquoise has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and as a protective talisman. Zircon is known for its brilliance and is often mistaken for diamond. Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone, discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s, and is known for its deep blue-violet color.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise
- Chemical Composition: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Waxy
- Common Colors: Blue, green
Zircon
- Chemical Composition: ZrSiO₄
- Hardness: 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.01
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Colorless, yellow, blue
Tanzanite
- Chemical Composition: Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.700
- Luster: Vitreous
- Common Colors: Blue-violet
Care and Cleaning
- Turquoise is relatively soft and should be cleaned gently with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It should also be stored in a dry environment.
- Zircon is durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
- Tanzanite is relatively soft and should be cleaned gently. It is sensitive to heat and should be stored in a cool, dry place.
Conclusion
The modern birthstone list offers a fascinating blend of history, science, and cultural significance. Each of the 12 gemstones represents a unique set of properties, origins, and symbolic meanings. Whether you are drawn to the deep red of garnet, the brilliant blue of sapphire, or the vibrant green of emerald, these stones continue to captivate and inspire.
By understanding the gemological properties and historical context of each birthstone, you can make informed decisions about jewelry selection, care, and appreciation. Whether worn as a personal talisman or gifted as a meaningful token, birthstones carry with them a legacy that spans millennia.