June and July are months rich in symbolism, each associated with unique gemstones that reflect the energy and essence of those born under these months. June is graced with three official birthstones: Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite. July, by contrast, is marked by two primary gems: Ruby and Peridot, with some sources also referencing Onyx as an alternative. These stones are more than just beautiful ornaments; they carry centuries of history, cultural significance, and deep metaphysical associations. In this article, we explore the origins, gemological properties, and symbolic meanings of these birthstones, drawing from historical records, gemological studies, and cultural traditions as presented in the sources.
Introduction
The birthstones for June and July have evolved over time, influenced by cultural traditions, scientific discoveries, and the global gem trade. June’s three gems—Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite—each possess distinct characteristics that reflect their natural origins and symbolic meanings. July’s stones, Ruby and Peridot, are celebrated for their vibrant colors and associations with passion and vitality. Onyx is also occasionally cited as an alternative July birthstone, though it is less commonly referenced in modern gemology.
These stones are not only admired for their beauty but also for their deep cultural significance. Pearls are seen as symbols of purity and wisdom, Moonstone is associated with lunar energy and emotional balance, and Alexandrite is known for its rare color-changing properties. For July, Ruby is revered for its fiery red hue and association with love and courage, while Peridot radiates a warm green light and is often linked to transformation and renewal.
This article will explore the history, gemological properties, symbolic meanings, and care requirements of these stones, drawing from the information provided in the sources. By the end, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of these gems and their place in both historical and modern gemology.
History and Lore of June and July Birthstones
The Origins of Birthstones
The concept of birthstones dates back thousands of years, with early references found in biblical texts. One of the earliest known mentions of gemstones associated with months is in the Book of Exodus, where the twelve stones of the Breastplate of Aaron are linked to the twelve tribes of Israel. However, these stones were not directly linked to the months of the year. The modern system of assigning gemstones to each month began to take shape in the 16th century, particularly in Europe, where gemstones were associated with astrological signs and their corresponding zodiac months.
For June, the tradition of assigning multiple birthstones is relatively modern. While Pearls have been associated with June for centuries, Moonstone and Alexandrite were added more recently. The American National Association of Jewelers (now known as the Jewelers of America) officially recognized these three gems as June birthstones in 1950. This decision was influenced by the growing popularity of Alexandrite in the early 20th century and the continued reverence for Pearls and Moonstone in jewelry and culture.
July, by contrast, has a long-standing association with Ruby and Peridot. Ruby has been a symbol of power and passion for millennia, with ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans attributing magical properties to it. Peridot, with its bright green hue, was also highly valued in ancient times and was often used in protective amulets. Onyx, though less commonly cited as a July birthstone, has a long history in jewelry and is associated with strength and protection.
Cultural Significance
Each of these gemstones carries its own set of cultural and symbolic meanings. Pearls are often associated with purity and wisdom, as they are formed within living organisms and take years to develop. Moonstone is linked to the moon and is considered a stone of emotional balance and intuition. Alexandrite, with its unique color-changing properties, is seen as a symbol of transformation and adaptability.
For July, Ruby represents passion, vitality, and courage. It is often used in engagement rings and other romantic jewelry, symbolizing deep love and commitment. Peridot, with its warm green color, is associated with renewal and growth, making it a popular choice for those born in the summer months. Onyx, though less commonly referenced, is linked to strength and resilience and is often used in protective jewelry.
The use of these stones in jewelry and adornment has varied across cultures and time periods. In ancient China, Pearls were considered symbols of immortality and were often used in imperial jewelry. In India, Ruby has long been associated with the sun and is believed to bring good fortune and protection. In the United States, the introduction of Alexandrite and Moonstone as June birthstones in the 20th century reflected a growing appreciation for unique and rare gemstones.
Geological Formation and Sources of June and July Birthstones
Pearls
Pearls are unique among gemstones in that they are organic, meaning they are formed within living organisms. They are created inside mollusks such as oysters and mussels when an irritant, such as a grain of sand, enters the shell. To protect itself, the mollusk secretes layers of nacre, a substance made of calcium carbonate and organic compounds, around the irritant. Over time, these layers build up to form a smooth, round pearl.
Natural pearls, where the irritant enters the mollusk by chance, are rare today. Most pearls are now cultured, meaning that a technician deliberately introduces a nucleus into the mollusk to initiate pearl formation. This process can take between 2 and 7 years, depending on the species of mollusk and the desired size of the pearl.
Pearls are found in both saltwater and freshwater environments. Saltwater pearls are typically produced by oysters in regions such as the Persian Gulf, the South Sea, and Japan. Freshwater pearls are produced in mussels and are primarily found in rivers and lakes in China, the United States, and Europe.
Moonstone
Moonstone is a type of feldspar mineral that is known for its iridescent sheen, called adularescence. This effect is caused by the way light interacts with the layers of different minerals within the stone. Moonstone is composed of orthoclase and albite feldspar, which form layers within the crystal structure. These layers reflect light in a way that gives the stone its characteristic shimmer, reminiscent of moonlight.
Moonstone is found in various parts of the world, including India, Sri Lanka, the United States, and Brazil. India is the primary source of the most desirable moonstone, particularly the blue moonstone, which is highly prized for its color and clarity. The United States, particularly in states like New York and North Carolina, is also known for producing high-quality moonstone.
Alexandrite
Alexandrite is a rare gemstone that belongs to the chrysoberyl family. It is known for its remarkable color-changing property, which is caused by the presence of chromium in its crystal structure. In daylight or fluorescent light, alexandrite appears green or yellow-green, while under incandescent light, it shifts to a red or purplish-red color. This phenomenon is known as pleochroism, and it is one of the most unique properties of any gemstone.
Alexandrite is primarily found in Brazil, India, and Myanmar. The most famous source of alexandrite is the Ural Mountains in Russia, where it was first discovered in the 19th century. The Russian alexandrite was highly valued for its vivid color change and was used in royal jewelry. Today, the most valuable alexandrites are still found in Brazil and India, where the stones are known for their exceptional color and clarity.
Ruby
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide. What makes ruby unique is the presence of chromium, which gives it its characteristic red color. The most valuable rubies are those with a deep red to slightly purplish red color, often referred to as "pigeon's blood" rubies. These are primarily found in Myanmar (formerly Burma), which is considered the most important source of high-quality rubies in the world.
Other significant sources of ruby include Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Madagascar. The quality and color of ruby can vary depending on the geological conditions in which it forms. Rubies are formed under high pressure and temperature conditions deep within the Earth's crust, often in metamorphic rocks such as marble.
Peridot
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, which is composed of magnesium and iron silicate. It is known for its bright green color, which is caused by the presence of iron in its crystal structure. The most valuable peridots are those with a rich olive-green color and high clarity. Peridot is found in a variety of geological environments, including volcanic rocks and meteorites.
The most famous source of peridot is the island of Zabargad (St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. This island was the primary source of peridot for centuries and is still known for producing some of the finest examples of the gemstone. Other important sources of peridot include Arizona in the United States, Egypt, and Pakistan.
Gemological Properties of June and July Birthstones
Pearls
Pearls are unique in that they are the only organic gemstones. They are composed of nacre, which is a combination of calcium carbonate (aragonite), conchiolin, and water. The structure of nacre gives pearls their characteristic luster and smooth surface. Pearls are not classified on the Mohs scale of hardness in the same way as other gemstones because their hardness can vary depending on the type of mollusk that produced them. However, pearls are generally considered to have a hardness of around 2.5 to 4.5 on the Mohs scale.
Pearls are available in a wide range of colors, including white, cream, pink, peach, and even black. The most valuable pearls are those with a smooth surface, good luster, and consistent color. The size of a pearl can also affect its value, with larger pearls being more rare and expensive.
Moonstone
Moonstone is a type of feldspar mineral with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. It has a pearly luster and is known for its adularescence, or iridescent sheen. Moonstone is typically found in shades of white, blue, and gray, though it can also appear in other colors such as yellow or peach. The most valuable moonstones are those with a strong blue sheen and good clarity.
Moonstone is a relatively soft gemstone, so it can be prone to scratches and chips. It is also sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes, which can cause it to crack or lose its luster. For this reason, moonstone jewelry should be handled with care and stored separately from harder gemstones.
Alexandrite
Alexandrite is one of the most unique gemstones due to its color-changing properties. It has a hardness of 8.5 to 9 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable. Alexandrite is composed of aluminum oxide with trace amounts of chromium, which gives it its green and red hues. The most valuable alexandrites are those that display a strong and clear color change, with a vibrant green in daylight and a deep red in incandescent light.
Alexandrite is often cut in a way that enhances its color change, with the most popular cuts being the emerald cut and the cushion cut. Because of its rarity and unique properties, alexandrite is considered a highly valuable gemstone, and it is often used in high-end jewelry and collectors' pieces.
Ruby
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of aluminum oxide with trace amounts of chromium, which gives it its red color. The most valuable rubies are those with a deep red to slightly purplish red color, often referred to as "pigeon's blood" rubies. These are primarily found in Myanmar and are highly sought after in the gem trade.
Ruby is known for its durability and is often used in rings, pendants, and other types of jewelry that are worn frequently. However, ruby can be prone to inclusions, which are natural imperfections that can affect its clarity and value. The most valuable rubies are those with high clarity and minimal inclusions.
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of magnesium and iron silicate and is known for its bright green color. The most valuable peridots are those with a rich olive-green color and high clarity. Peridot is often used in jewelry, particularly in earrings, pendants, and bracelets.
Peridot is a relatively affordable gemstone, making it a popular choice for everyday jewelry. It is also one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites, which adds to its unique appeal. Peridot is often used in jewelry that is worn close to the skin, as it is believed to have calming and balancing properties.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Pearls
Pearls have long been associated with purity, wisdom, and elegance. In many cultures, they are seen as symbols of innocence and are often given as gifts to mark important life events such as weddings and birthdays. Pearls are also associated with femininity and are often used in jewelry for women. In ancient China, pearls were considered symbols of immortality and were used in imperial jewelry and religious ceremonies.
In terms of metaphysical properties, pearls are believed to promote emotional balance, calmness, and inner peace. They are also thought to enhance intuition and protect against negative emotions such as anger and jealousy. Pearls are often used in meditation and are believed to help connect the wearer to their higher self.
Moonstone
Moonstone is associated with the moon and is believed to enhance emotional balance, intuition, and feminine energy. It is often used in jewelry that is worn close to the skin, as it is believed to help the wearer connect with their emotions and inner wisdom. Moonstone is also associated with protection, particularly for travelers and those who are undergoing change or transformation.
In some cultures, moonstone is believed to have protective powers and is used as a talisman to ward off negative energy. It is also thought to enhance fertility and is often used in jewelry for women who are trying to conceive. Moonstone is particularly popular in jewelry for those born under the zodiac signs of Gemini and Cancer, as it is believed to enhance their natural traits.
Alexandrite
Alexandrite is one of the most unique gemstones in terms of its metaphysical properties. It is believed to enhance adaptability, transformation, and balance. Because of its color-changing properties, it is often associated with change and the ability to navigate life's transitions. Alexandrite is also believed to promote harmony and duality, helping the wearer to find balance in their life.
Alexandrite is also associated with love and is believed to help strengthen relationships and deepen emotional connections. It is often used in jewelry as a symbol of love and commitment, particularly in engagement rings and other romantic pieces. Alexandrite is also believed to enhance creativity and is often used by artists and musicians to inspire new ideas.
Ruby
Ruby is one of the most powerful gemstones in terms of its metaphysical properties. It is associated with passion, vitality, and courage, making it a popular choice for those who want to enhance their energy and motivation. Ruby is also believed to promote love and is often used in jewelry as a symbol of deep love and commitment.
Ruby is also associated with protection and is believed to ward off negative energy and illness. It is often used in jewelry for those who are undergoing physical or emotional challenges, as it is believed to provide strength and support. Ruby is also associated with the heart chakra and is believed to enhance emotional healing and connection.
Peridot
Peridot is associated with renewal, growth, and transformation. It is believed to help the wearer let go of negative emotions and promote a sense of calm and balance. Peridot is also associated with prosperity and is often used in jewelry to attract wealth and success.
Peridot is also believed to have protective properties and is often used as a talisman to ward off negative energy. It is particularly popular in jewelry for those who are undergoing change or transformation, as it is believed to help them navigate life's challenges with grace and resilience.
Care and Cleaning of June and July Birthstones
Pearls
Because pearls are relatively soft and porous, they require special care to maintain their luster and beauty. They should not be exposed to harsh chemicals, such as perfume or cleaning products, as these can dull their surface. Pearls should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches.
To clean pearls, gently wipe them with a soft, damp cloth after wearing. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can damage the nacre. Pearls should be kept in a cool, dry place when not being worn. If pearls become dull, they can be professionally cleaned to restore their luster.
Moonstone
Moonstone is relatively soft, with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, so it can be prone to scratches and chips. It is also sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes, which can cause it to crack or lose its luster.
To clean moonstone, gently wipe it with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Moonstone should be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches. If moonstone becomes dull, it can be professionally cleaned to restore its luster.
Alexandrite
Alexandrite is relatively durable, with a hardness of 8.5 to 9 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. However, it is sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes, which can cause it to crack or lose its color-changing properties.
To clean alexandrite, gently wipe it with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Alexandrite should be stored in a cool, dry place when not being worn. If alexandrite becomes dull, it can be professionally cleaned to restore its luster.
Ruby
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. It is also resistant to scratches and is relatively durable. However, ruby can be prone to inclusions, which can affect its clarity and value.
To clean ruby, gently wipe it with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Ruby should be stored in a cool, dry place when not being worn. If ruby becomes dull, it can be professionally cleaned to restore its luster.
Peridot
Peridot is relatively soft, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, so it can be prone to scratches and chips. It is also sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes, which can cause it to crack or lose its color.
To clean peridot, gently wipe it with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches. If peridot becomes dull, it can be professionally cleaned to restore its luster.
Conclusion
June and July birthstones—Pearl, Moonstone, Alexandrite, Ruby, and Peridot—are more than just beautiful gemstones; they are rich in history, symbolism, and gemological significance. Each of these stones has a unique origin and set of properties that make it special in its own way. Pearls, formed within living organisms, symbolize purity and wisdom. Moonstone, with its iridescent sheen, is associated with emotional balance and intuition. Alexandrite, known for its rare color-changing properties, is a symbol of transformation and adaptability.
For July, Ruby and Peridot are the primary birthstones. Ruby, with its deep red color, is a symbol of passion and vitality, while Peridot, with its warm green hue, is associated with renewal and growth. These stones have been cherished for centuries and continue to be popular in jewelry and adornment today.
Understanding the properties, history, and symbolism of these gemstones allows us to appreciate their beauty and significance on a deeper level. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply someone interested in the history and science of birthstones, these stones offer a fascinating glimpse into the world of gemology and the enduring power of gemstones in our lives.