December is a month rich in tradition, celebration, and symbolism, and it is also a month that is uniquely blessed in the world of gemstones. Individuals born in December have the rare privilege of being associated with a selection of four primary birthstones: Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Lapis Lazuli. In more recent times, Blue Topaz has also been added to the list, expanding the range of blue gemstones that symbolize this month. These stones are not only visually captivating but also hold deep historical, cultural, and metaphysical significance, making them more than just beautiful adornments.
The December birthstones have evolved over time, reflecting changes in both gemological science and cultural preferences. From the ancient world, where turquoise was revered for its protective properties, to the modern era, where tanzanite is celebrated for its rare color and brilliance, these gems represent a fascinating journey through history, science, and human connection to the natural world. This article explores the properties, origins, uses, and symbolism of these December birthstones, drawing on historical accounts and modern gemological research to provide a comprehensive overview.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The concept of birthstones dates back thousands of years, with some of the earliest references found in biblical texts and ancient civilizations. The idea that specific gemstones are tied to the month of one’s birth is thought to have originated from the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus. This sacred artifact was said to contain twelve gemstones, each representing a tribe of Israel. Over time, these stones were associated with the twelve months of the year, forming the foundation of the modern birthstone tradition.
The December birthstones, however, have a more complex and evolving history. In earlier versions of the birthstone lists, December was associated with bloodstone and ruby, which were believed to have protective and healing properties. By the early 20th century, the Jewelers of America (JA) updated the list, recognizing turquoise and lapis lazuli as the primary December birthstones due to their historical and cultural significance. These two stones were long associated with wisdom, protection, and spiritual enlightenment, and their deep blue hues resonated with the winter season.
In the decades that followed, zircon and tanzanite were added to the list, reflecting the growing appreciation for newer gemstones and their unique properties. Tanzanite, in particular, is a modern discovery—first found in 1967 in Tanzania—and quickly became a popular alternative for those seeking a vibrant, deep blue gemstone. Blue topaz, with its clarity and brilliance, was also recently added to the December list, further expanding the range of options for December-born individuals.
Across cultures, these gemstones have been imbued with various meanings. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was used in the adornment of pharaohs and was considered a symbol of royalty and divine power. Turquoise, on the other hand, has been used by Native American tribes for centuries in ceremonial jewelry and as a protective talisman. These cultural connections continue to influence the perception of December birthstones today, adding layers of meaning to their aesthetic appeal.
Geological Formation and Sources of December Birthstones
Each of the December birthstones has a unique geological origin and is found in specific regions around the world. Understanding how these gemstones are formed and where they are mined provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and value.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is a variety of the mineral zircon (ZrSiO₄), which occurs in various colors, including colorless, yellow, red, and blue. The blue color is achieved through heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure and enhances its natural properties. Zircon is a relatively hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7.5, making it durable enough for daily wear when properly set in jewelry.
Zircon is found in several parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, India, and Madagascar. Blue zircon, in particular, is often sourced from Zambia, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. The gemstone is prized for its brilliance and fire, as well as its ability to mimic the appearance of diamonds when cut and polished.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively rare gemstone that was discovered in 1967 in Merelani Hills, Tanzania, from which it derives its name. It is a variety of the mineral columbite-zircon (a type of zoisite) and is known for its vibrant blue to violet color, which is caused by trace amounts of vanadium and chromium. Tanzanite is typically heat-treated to enhance its color, resulting in the deep blue hues that make it so desirable.
With a Mohs hardness of 6 to 6.5, tanzanite is not as hard as diamonds or sapphires but is still suitable for jewelry with proper care. Its rarity, combined with its striking color, makes tanzanite a highly sought-after gemstone. It is exclusively found in Tanzania, making it one of the most geographically limited gemstones in the world.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It is known for its blue to green color, which is caused by the presence of copper and iron. Turquoise is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, and is often treated with stabilizers to enhance its durability and color.
The most famous sources of turquoise are in the southwestern United States, particularly in New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada. Persian turquoise from Iran and Afghanistan is also highly valued. Native American tribes have historically mined and used turquoise for ceremonial and decorative purposes, and it remains a symbol of protection and good fortune in many cultures.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral, along with pyrite (which adds golden flecks) and calcite (which may appear white or gray). It is not technically a gemstone in the traditional sense but is still widely used in jewelry and decorative items. Lapis lazuli has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it suitable for pendants and earrings but less ideal for rings that are subject to daily wear.
The finest lapis lazuli is found in Afghanistan, particularly in the Badakhshan region, which has been a major source for thousands of years. The gemstone was also historically mined in Egypt, Russia, and Chile, and it has been used in art, jewelry, and spiritual practices across many cultures.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz (Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂), which occurs in several colors, including colorless, yellow, and blue. The blue color is typically the result of irradiation and heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure and imparts the desired hue. Blue topaz is a very hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it durable and suitable for everyday wear.
The majority of blue topaz is sourced from Brazil, Mexico, and Russia, where large deposits of colorless topaz are treated to produce the vibrant blue stones seen in jewelry today. Its clarity and brilliance make it a popular alternative to diamonds, especially in affordable and fashionable pieces.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for both collectors and jewelry buyers. These properties determine the appearance, durability, and care requirements of the gemstone, ensuring that it remains beautiful and intact over time.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Chemical Composition | Transparency | Special Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Zircon | Blue | 6.5–7.5 | ZrSiO₄ | Transparent to Translucent | High refractive index, brilliance |
| Tanzanite | Blue to Violet | 6–6.5 | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | Transparent to Translucent | Heat-treated, pleochroism |
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | 5–6 | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Opaque | Stabilized, porous |
| Lapis Lazuli | Blue with Gold Flecks | 5–6 | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite | Opaque | Metamorphic rock |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Transparent | Irradiated, high hardness |
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is known for its high refractive index (1.92–2.01), which gives it a brilliant, fire-like sparkle. It is also relatively dense, which contributes to its substantial feel. Blue zircon is often cut in brilliant or step cuts to maximize its fire and light return. Its trigonal crystal structure makes it slightly anisotropic, meaning it can show different refractive indices in different directions. This property can affect how light is transmitted through the stone, adding to its visual complexity.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite exhibits pleochroism, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles—typically blue, purple, and brown. This characteristic is due to the anisotropic nature of the mineral and is a key feature that distinguishes tanzanite from other blue gemstones. Tanzanite is often cut in modified brilliant cuts to enhance its color and light performance. Its specific gravity (3.35–3.45) is relatively high, and it can be affected by strong light or heat, which may cause fading if not properly treated.
Turquoise
Turquoise is opaque and is often stabilized with resins or waxes to enhance its durability and color. It has a low refractive index (1.61–1.65) and is typically cut in cabochon style to showcase its color and pattern. Due to its porous nature, turquoise is sensitive to chemicals and oils, and it requires careful cleaning to avoid damage. Its specific gravity (2.6–2.8) is relatively low compared to other gemstones.
Lapis Lazuli
As a metamorphic rock, lapis lazuli is composed of multiple minerals, giving it a unique and varied appearance. It is typically cut in cabochons or used in beads and is often used in inlay work and carving due to its softness and workability. The presence of pyrite in lapis lazuli adds golden flecks, enhancing its visual appeal. Lapis lazuli is not as hard as most gemstones, so it is best suited for pendants, earrings, and brooches rather than rings.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it ideal for rings, bracelets, and necklaces. It has a high refractive index (1.61–1.63) and is often cut in brilliant or princess cuts to enhance its clarity and sparkle. Blue topaz is also relatively lightweight, with a specific gravity of 3.4–3.6, and it is not sensitive to light or heat, making it a durable and low-maintenance gemstone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones have been associated with various symbolic and metaphysical properties throughout history, adding to their allure and significance. These beliefs vary across cultures but often center around wisdom, protection, and emotional balance.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is believed to enhance wisdom, intuition, and spiritual insight. It is associated with the Third Eye Chakra, which is linked to inner vision and psychic awareness. In ancient times, zircon was considered a stone of protection and clarity, and it was often used in ceremonial and healing practices.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known as a stone of transformation and emotional healing. It is believed to help individuals release emotional blockages and embrace change with grace and confidence. Tanzanite is also associated with balance, compassion, and inner peace, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional stability and self-awareness.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a stone of protection and good fortune. In many Native American cultures, it is considered a sacred stone that promotes healing, prosperity, and spiritual connection. It is also believed to enhance communication and self-expression, making it a popular gemstone for those who seek clarity in relationships and creative endeavors.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is one of the oldest known gemstones and has been used for thousands of years in spiritual and artistic practices. It is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment, and is often used in meditation and spiritual rituals. Lapis lazuli is also believed to enhance intellectual abilities and emotional balance, making it a stone of the mind and soul.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is known for its calming and soothing properties, and it is often used to alleviate stress and anxiety. It is also associated with honesty, integrity, and self-confidence, making it a stone of personal growth and emotional strength. Blue topaz is believed to help individuals clarify their thoughts and intentions, supporting decision-making and inner peace.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to chemicals and light.
Blue Zircon
- Cleaning: Use mild soap and warm water with a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners as they may cause damage due to the gemstone's anisotropic nature.
- Storage: Store in a soft cloth or padded jewelry box to prevent scratches from harder gemstones.
- Avoid: Exposure to strong light or heat for extended periods, as this may cause fading or discoloration.
Tanzanite
- Cleaning: Use mild soap and water with a soft cloth or brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as they can damage the pleochroic properties.
- Storage: Keep in a dry, cool place to avoid fading. Store separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
- Avoid: Exposing to direct sunlight or artificial light for long periods, as this can alter the color.
Turquoise
- Cleaning: Gently wipe with a damp cloth. Avoid using chemicals or abrasives, as turquoise is porous and sensitive.
- Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Avoid exposure to oils, perfumes, and lotions, which can damage the surface.
- Avoid: Using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can dry out the stone and cause cracking.
Lapis Lazuli
- Cleaning: Wipe with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using abrasive materials or chemicals.
- Storage: Store in a soft pouch or padded box to protect from scratches and chips.
- Avoid: Exposing to moisture or heat, as lapis lazuli is sensitive to these elements.
Blue Topaz
- Cleaning: Can be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners due to its high hardness and durability.
- Storage: Store in a jewelry box with other hard gemstones.
- Avoid: No special precautions are needed, but it is always best to remove jewelry before engaging in physical activities to prevent impact damage.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli, and Blue Topaz—are more than just beautiful gems; they are a reflection of history, culture, and the deep connection between humans and the natural world. Each of these gemstones has its own unique properties, origins, and symbolism, making them a rich and diverse group of stones that offer something for everyone.
From the ancient use of lapis lazuli in the adornment of pharaohs to the modern discovery of tanzanite in the hills of Tanzania, these gems tell a story of beauty, rarity, and significance. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, spiritual meaning, or gemological properties, December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire those who wear them.
Understanding the geological formation, cultural significance, and care requirements of these gemstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their value and beauty. As December-born individuals celebrate their birthstone, they are not only honoring a tradition that dates back thousands of years but also embracing a legacy of wisdom, protection, and transformation.