December is a unique and extraordinary month in the realm of birthstones, distinguished by the fact that it is associated with not one, but four gemstones: Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon. Each of these stones brings its own distinct beauty, symbolism, and historical significance, offering individuals born in December a wide range of options to choose from. This article delves into the rich characteristics of these four December birthstones, exploring their geological properties, historical and cultural significance, and practical care tips to ensure their lasting beauty. Whether you're drawn to the vibrant blue of Blue Topaz, the earthy charm of Turquoise, the modern elegance of Tanzanite, or the ancient allure of Zircon, December’s birthstones capture the spirit of the season in a remarkable way.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with months of the year dates back centuries, with roots in both ancient and medieval cultures. The December birthstones, however, reflect a blend of old and new traditions, combining ancient gems with more recently discovered ones. Turquoise, for instance, is one of the oldest known gemstones and has been used for thousands of years in jewelry, amulets, and decorative objects. In contrast, Tanzanite is a relatively modern discovery, having been first identified in the early 1960s in Tanzania, and it was officially recognized as a December birthstone in the 1980s.
Zircon, another of December’s birthstones, has a long and storied history, with some sources suggesting it is one of the oldest minerals on Earth. Ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and Egyptians, valued zircon for its beauty and believed it possessed protective and healing properties. In medieval Europe, zircon was associated with wisdom and prosperity and was often used in rings and pendants.
Blue Topaz emerged as a prominent birthstone in the 20th century. While topaz has been known since antiquity, the blue variety—natural or heat-treated—became a popular choice for December due to its vibrant color and durability. It is now one of the most commonly selected birthstones for December.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December allows for a broader representation of styles and preferences, offering both traditional and contemporary options. The practice of having multiple birthstones for a single month is not uncommon and serves to provide more affordable and accessible choices in addition to the traditional stones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of December’s birthstones provides insight into their rarity, color, and value. Each gemstone forms under specific conditions and is found in particular locations around the world.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks such as granite and rhyolite. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, with most blue topaz being created through heat treatment of colorless or brown topaz. The blue color is attributed to trace amounts of iron and irradiation during the treatment process.
Blue Topaz is primarily found in Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Mexico. Brazil is the largest producer of topaz, including the blue variety. The gemstone is known for its clarity and brilliance, making it a popular choice for jewelry.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrous phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in arid environments through the weathering of copper deposits, often in association with volcanic rocks. The formation process involves the interaction of water with copper sulfides, leading to the creation of turquoise in cavities and fractures in rocks.
The most renowned sources of turquoise include Iran (historically known for its “Persian blue”), the United States (particularly in Arizona and Nevada), and China. Each region produces turquoise with slightly different hues and matrix patterns. Iranian turquoise is prized for its deep blue color and minimal matrix, while American turquoise is often valued for its striking contrast between blue and brown or black veins.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a rare blue-violet variety of the mineral zoisite, and it is unique to Tanzania, where it was first discovered in the 1960s. The gemstone is formed in metamorphic rocks under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Its striking color is due to the presence of vanadium and is enhanced through heat treatment.
Tanzanite is only found in the area surrounding Mount Kilimanjaro, in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its rarity and value. Because of its exclusive origin, tanzanite is considered one of the most exclusive gemstones in the world.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals found to be over 4 billion years old. It forms in igneous rocks and is often found in sedimentary deposits. The blue color of zircon is typically the result of heat treatment, which removes natural impurities and enhances its color.
Zircon is found in various locations around the world, including Australia, Brazil, Vietnam, and Madagascar. The blue variety, known as blue zircon, is particularly popular as a December birthstone due to its vibrant color and brilliance.
Gemological Properties
Each of December’s birthstones has distinct gemological properties that influence their use in jewelry, durability, and care requirements. These properties include hardness on the Mohs scale, refractive index, specific gravity, and susceptibility to damage.
Blue Topaz
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 8
- Color: Blue (natural or heat-treated)
- Refractive Index: 1.62–1.64
- Specific Gravity: 3.5–3.6
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Cleavage: None
- Durability: High; suitable for everyday wear
Blue Topaz is known for its hardness and durability, making it an excellent choice for rings, pendants, and bracelets. It is resistant to scratches and can withstand daily wear. However, it can be damaged by exposure to high heat or harsh chemicals, so care should be taken when cleaning.
Turquoise
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 5–6
- Color: Blue to green
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65
- Specific Gravity: 2.6–2.8
- Transparency: Opaque
- Cleavage: None
- Durability: Low to moderate
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone. It can easily be scratched or chipped, and it is sensitive to changes in moisture and temperature. It can also absorb oils and dyes, which can alter its color. Because of its fragility, turquoise is best suited for occasional wear and should be cleaned gently with a soft cloth.
Tanzanite
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 6–7
- Color: Blue to violet
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.701
- Specific Gravity: 3.18–3.38
- Transparency: Transparent
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction
- Durability: Moderate
Tanzanite is a beautiful gemstone with a moderate level of hardness. However, it has a perfect cleavage in one direction, which means it can be prone to chipping if struck with force. Tanzanite should be handled with care and set in a protective setting to avoid damage.
Zircon
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 7.5–8
- Color: Blue (heat-treated), yellow, brown, red
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.00
- Specific Gravity: 4.6–4.7
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Cleavage: None
- Durability: High
Zircon is a durable gemstone with a high refractive index, which gives it a brilliant sparkle. The blue variety, in particular, is highly sought after as a December birthstone. Zircon is resistant to scratches and can be worn daily, although it should be protected from high heat and harsh chemicals.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones are not only admired for their beauty but also for the meanings and beliefs associated with them. These gemstones have been revered across different cultures for their protective, healing, and transformative properties.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is associated with calmness, communication, and mental clarity. It is believed to enhance self-expression and promote a sense of peace. In ancient times, topaz was thought to have the power to increase strength and protect against harm. Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that blue topaz can help reduce stress and anxiety and encourage emotional balance.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a stone of protection and good fortune. In ancient Egypt, it was used as a protective amulet, and in Native American traditions, it was believed to bring health, prosperity, and spiritual guidance. Turquoise is also associated with healing and emotional stability. It is often used in jewelry and talismans to promote inner peace and harmony.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known as a stone of transformation and spiritual growth. It is believed to enhance intuition and emotional balance, helping individuals navigate change and personal evolution. Tanzanite is also associated with healing, compassion, and emotional healing. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to open the heart chakra and promote inner peace.
Zircon
Zircon is a gemstone of wisdom, prosperity, and vitality. It is believed to enhance memory, promote mental clarity, and support personal growth. In ancient times, zircon was used as a protective stone to ward off negative energies and bring good fortune. Blue zircon, in particular, is associated with inner peace and spiritual awakening.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and susceptibility to damage.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is relatively durable and can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners are generally safe to use, but it is best to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and high heat. Blue Topaz should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a delicate gemstone that requires gentle care. It should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can cause damage. Turquoise should be kept away from direct sunlight, heat, and chemicals, as these can cause it to lose its color or become brittle.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals or steam cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone. Tanzanite should be stored in a soft pouch or box to prevent scratches and chipping. It is important to avoid exposing it to high heat or sudden temperature changes.
Zircon
Zircon is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners, but it is best to avoid exposure to high heat and harsh chemicals. Zircon should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon—offer a remarkable array of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. Each gemstone represents a different facet of beauty, from the vibrant blue of Blue Topaz to the earthy charm of Turquoise, the modern elegance of Tanzanite, and the ancient allure of Zircon. Whether chosen for its historical significance, metaphysical properties, or simply its aesthetic appeal, these gemstones provide a meaningful way to celebrate the December spirit.
The diversity of December’s birthstones ensures that there is a gemstone for every taste and preference. Whether you are drawn to the protective powers of Turquoise, the transformative energy of Tanzanite, the wisdom of Zircon, or the clarity of Blue Topaz, these gemstones carry rich traditions and personal significance. With proper care and appreciation, these December birthstones can be cherished for generations, serving as enduring symbols of elegance and individuality.