Blue is a color that captures the imagination, symbolizing calm, clarity, and depth. In the world of birthstones, blue is particularly significant, with December being the only month to claim multiple blue gemstones as its birthstones. These include the vibrant Tanzanite, the ethereal Zircon, the iridescent Turquoise, and the striking Blue Topaz. Each of these gems carries unique properties, historical importance, and symbolic meanings, making them treasured stones in jewelry and cultural traditions alike.
This article delves into the world of blue birthstones, focusing on those associated with December. It explores the gemological characteristics, historical and cultural significance, and practical care tips for each of these gems. By the end of this guide, readers will have a deeper appreciation for the allure and value of December’s blue birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back centuries, with roots in ancient biblical texts and medieval European customs. The earliest known reference to birthstones appears in the Old Testament, specifically in the Book of Exodus, where Aaron’s breastplate is described as containing twelve stones, each representing a tribe of Israel. Over time, these stones were linked to the months of the year, and their meanings evolved to reflect personal traits and symbolic powers.
December, the final month of the year, is uniquely distinguished by having three modern birthstones—Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz—alongside the traditional gems of Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli. This multiplicity reflects the rich cultural and historical tapestry that surrounds December’s gemstones.
Tanzanite, a relatively modern discovery, was first found in Tanzania in 1967. It was created by the collision of the Indian and African tectonic plates, making it one of the few gemstones with a geological origin tied to a specific location. Its vibrant blue-violet hues and pleochroism—where the stone displays different colors when viewed from different angles—quickly made it a popular choice for December birthdays.
Blue Topaz, on the other hand, has a longer history, though it gained prominence as a birthstone in the 20th century. Originally found in Brazil, Blue Topaz is typically colorless in nature. The striking blue color is achieved through irradiation, a process that enhances its natural beauty without compromising its integrity. The name "Topaz" comes from the Sanskrit word "topas," meaning "fire," a nod to its original fiery yellow tones before treatment.
Turquoise, one of the oldest known gemstones, has been used for thousands of years in jewelry, amulets, and decorative objects. It was highly valued by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans. Turquoise was often believed to bring protection, wisdom, and spiritual connection. In many cultures, it was also associated with the divine, with the belief that it acted as a conduit between the earthly and the spiritual realms.
Lapis Lazuli, another traditional December birthstone, was once the birthstone for September before being replaced by Sapphire. It has been prized since ancient times for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. The ancient Egyptians used it in their jewelry and even ground it into powder to make cosmetics. It was also used in the famous "Blue Men" of Mesopotamia, where it was believed to provide protection and wisdom.
Zircon, another modern December birthstone, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth. Some zircon crystals found in Australia are over 4.4 billion years old. The blue variety of zircon is created through heat treatment, which enhances its color and clarity. Known for its brilliance and fire, zircon is often compared to diamonds and cubic zirconia, though it has a unique warmth that sets it apart.
The selection of December’s birthstones reflects a blend of ancient tradition and modern discovery, with each gemstone bringing its own story and symbolism to the month. Whether through the deep blue of Turquoise, the mystical hues of Tanzanite, or the vibrant sparkle of Blue Topaz, these stones capture the essence of December’s end-of-year significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of December’s blue birthstones provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and value. Each of these gemstones is formed through distinct geological processes and is found in specific regions of the world.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a rare gemstone that is found exclusively in Tanzania, from which it derives its name. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and was first discovered in 1967 near the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro. The unique blue-violet color of Tanzanite is caused by trace amounts of vanadium and the effects of heat and pressure from tectonic activity. Tanzanite’s pleochroism, where it displays different colors when viewed from different angles, makes it particularly captivating.
The gemstone is mined from the Merelani Hills in northern Tanzania, where it is extracted from metamorphic rock. Due to its limited geographic source and the fact that it is not expected to be found in other regions, Tanzanite is considered one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks, particularly in pegmatite and rhyolite deposits. Naturally colorless, Blue Topaz is created through a process of irradiation and heat treatment, which enhances its color. The treatment involves exposing the stone to high-energy radiation, followed by heating it to a specific temperature. This process transforms the natural colorless or faintly yellow topaz into the rich blue hues that make it a popular December birthstone.
Blue Topaz is primarily sourced from Brazil, China, Mexico, and Russia. Brazil is the largest producer, with significant deposits in the state of Minas Gerais. These deposits have yielded some of the largest and highest-quality Blue Topaz stones. The name "Topaz" comes from the Sanskrit word "topas," meaning "fire," a reference to the stone’s original fiery yellow color before treatment.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, forming in the oxidation zones of copper deposits. It is typically found in arid regions where copper sulfides have been exposed to weathering and oxidation. The blue color of turquoise is due to the presence of copper, while the greenish tones result from iron content.
Historically, the most famous source of turquoise was the Persian region, from which it got its name. Today, significant sources include the United States (particularly in Arizona and New Mexico), Iran, China, and Egypt. Native American tribes, such as the Navajo and Zuni, have long used turquoise in their jewelry and carvings, considering it a sacred stone.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It also contains other minerals such as pyrite, which gives it a golden fleck, and calcite, which appears as white veins. Lapis Lazuli forms when limestone is subjected to high pressure and temperature, causing the minerals to recrystallize.
The most significant source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other notable sources include Russia, Chile, and the United States. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli is caused by the presence of sulfur in the lazurite structure. Its golden flecks of pyrite add to its visual appeal and are often considered a mark of quality.
Zircon
Zircon is a mineral that has been found in rocks dating back over 4.4 billion years, making it one of the oldest minerals on Earth. It forms in igneous rocks and is also found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The blue color of zircon is achieved through heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure and enhances its color.
Blue zircon is primarily sourced from Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and Burma. It is also found in Australia and Brazil. The gemstone is known for its brilliance and fire, which is due to its high refractive index and dispersion. This makes blue zircon a popular alternative to diamonds in jewelry.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of December’s blue birthstones are what make them not only beautiful but also valuable and desirable in jewelry. Understanding these properties helps in identifying, valuing, and caring for these gems.
Hardness and Durability
Hardness is measured on the Mohs scale, which ranges from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest). The hardness of a gemstone affects its durability and resistance to scratches.
- Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. While it is relatively hard, it is also brittle and can chip or crack if subjected to impact or pressure.
- Blue Topaz has a hardness of 8, making it one of the harder gemstones. It is durable and resistant to scratches, though it has a strong cleavage that can cause it to split if struck in the wrong direction.
- Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6, making it relatively soft. It is porous and can absorb oils and chemicals, which can affect its appearance and durability.
- Lapis Lazuli has a hardness of 5 to 6, similar to turquoise. It is a composite stone and can be easily damaged if not handled carefully.
- Zircon has a hardness of 6 to 7.5, depending on the variety. Blue zircon is relatively durable but can be sensitive to heat and chemicals.
Color and Clarity
Color and clarity are key factors in determining the value and beauty of a gemstone.
- Tanzanite is known for its deep blue-violet color, which can vary depending on the lighting. It often has inclusions, which are natural features that add character to the stone.
- Blue Topaz is available in a range of blue shades, from the deep inky London Blue to the lighter Swiss Blue and Sky Blue. It is usually eye-clean, meaning it has few visible inclusions.
- Turquoise varies in color from deep blue to greenish-blue, depending on the mineral content. It often contains matrix patterns, which are natural inclusions that add to its uniqueness.
- Lapis Lazuli has a deep blue color with flecks of gold from pyrite. It can also contain white veins of calcite. These inclusions are natural and are often considered part of its appeal.
- Zircon is known for its brilliance and fire, which is due to its high refractive index and dispersion. Blue zircon is usually eye-clean and can display a range of blue tones depending on the treatment.
Cut and Shape
The cut and shape of a gemstone affect its brilliance, fire, and overall appearance.
- Tanzanite is often cut in a step or modified cushion cut to showcase its color and pleochroism. The cut is designed to maximize the stone’s color and clarity.
- Blue Topaz is available in a wide range of cuts, including round, oval, emerald, and princess. The cut is chosen based on the stone’s shape and size.
- Turquoise is typically cut in cabochon, which is a smooth, rounded shape that enhances its color and pattern. It can also be cut into beads and other shapes.
- Lapis Lazuli is usually cut in cabochon or as a tumbled stone. It is not typically faceted due to its composite nature and the presence of inclusions.
- Zircon is often cut in a brilliant or step cut to enhance its brilliance and fire. The cut is chosen based on the stone’s shape and clarity.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with December’s blue birthstones have been passed down through generations and vary across different cultures and traditions.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often associated with spiritual growth, emotional healing, and transformation. It is believed to open the third eye and heart chakras, enhancing intuition and emotional balance. In some traditions, Tanzanite is considered a stone of serenity and peace, helping to calm the mind and reduce anxiety.
It is also associated with the night sky and is believed to enhance dreams and spiritual insight. Some cultures believe that Tanzanite can help with communication and emotional expression, making it a popular stone for those seeking to improve their relationships and self-expression.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is believed to have a calming and soothing effect, making it a popular stone for reducing stress and promoting relaxation. It is also associated with clarity of thought and decision-making, helping individuals to think clearly and make rational choices.
In some traditions, Blue Topaz is considered a stone of protection and is worn to ward off negative energy and emotions. It is also believed to enhance creativity and inspire new ideas, making it a favorite among artists and writers.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a protective stone, believed to offer its wearer protection from harm and negative influences. It is often worn as an amulet or talisman, especially in ancient cultures such as the Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans.
In some traditions, turquoise is associated with wisdom and spiritual connection. It is believed to enhance communication with the divine and to help individuals connect with their higher selves. It is also associated with good luck and is often used in rituals and ceremonies to bring blessings and prosperity.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is considered a stone of truth and wisdom. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and promote self-awareness and spiritual insight. In some traditions, it is used to open the third eye chakra and enhance intuition and psychic abilities.
Lapis Lazuli is also associated with the night sky and is believed to enhance dreams and spiritual journeys. It is often used in meditation and is considered a powerful stone for spiritual growth and transformation.
Zircon
Zircon is believed to have a powerful energy that enhances spiritual growth and intuition. It is associated with the heart and crown chakras and is believed to help individuals connect with their higher selves and the divine.
In some traditions, zircon is considered a stone of transformation and is used to support personal growth and change. It is also believed to enhance clarity of thought and decision-making, making it a popular stone for those seeking to improve their mental and emotional well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December’s blue birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements due to its hardness, cleavage, and sensitivity to chemicals and heat.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft and can be easily damaged if not handled carefully. It is also brittle and can chip or crack if subjected to impact or pressure.
- Cleaning: Clean Tanzanite with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as they can cause damage.
- Storage: Store Tanzanite separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Keep it away from heat and direct sunlight, as it can cause fading.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is harder than Tanzanite and is more resistant to scratches. However, it has a strong cleavage that can cause it to split if struck in the wrong direction.
- Cleaning: Clean Blue Topaz with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used, but avoid steamers, as they can cause damage.
- Storage: Store Blue Topaz separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Avoid exposing it to high heat or direct sunlight, as it can cause fading.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone and can be easily damaged if not handled carefully. It is also porous and can absorb oils and chemicals, which can affect its appearance.
- Cleaning: Clean Turquoise with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as they can cause damage.
- Storage: Store Turquoise in a cool, dry place. Avoid exposing it to heat, moisture, or chemicals, as they can cause it to lose color or become brittle.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a composite stone and can be easily damaged if not handled carefully. It is also porous and can absorb oils and chemicals.
- Cleaning: Clean Lapis Lazuli with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as they can cause damage.
- Storage: Store Lapis Lazuli in a cool, dry place. Avoid exposing it to heat, moisture, or chemicals, as they can cause it to lose color or become brittle.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively hard and durable but can be sensitive to heat and chemicals.
- Cleaning: Clean Zircon with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used, but avoid steamers, as they can cause damage.
- Storage: Store Zircon separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Keep it away from heat and direct sunlight, as it can cause fading.
Conclusion
December’s blue birthstones—Tanzanite, Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli, and Zircon—each possess unique gemological properties, historical significance, and cultural symbolism. Whether valued for their beauty, rarity, or metaphysical properties, these stones have captivated people for centuries. From the deep blue of Turquoise to the vibrant hues of Tanzanite, each December birthstone offers a distinct charm that makes it a cherished gemstone.
Understanding the geological origins, gemological properties, and care requirements of these stones is essential for appreciating their value and ensuring their longevity. Whether worn as jewelry, used in decorative objects, or studied for their scientific properties, these blue birthstones continue to inspire and enchant gemstone enthusiasts and collectors around the world.