The month of March is uniquely associated with two gemstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—each carrying its own rich history, symbolism, and gemological properties. While aquamarine has become the more widely recognized birthstone in modern times, bloodstone remains a powerful and deeply rooted alternative with a storied past. This article explores the dual identity of March’s birthstone, delving into their geological origins, cultural significance, and practical considerations for those who wear or collect these gems.
The Dual Nature of March’s Birthstone
March is one of only a few months with two official birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. This duality reflects the complex evolution of birthstone traditions, which have roots in ancient texts and have been shaped by centuries of cultural, religious, and commercial influences.
Historically, bloodstone was the sole representative of March. It was often associated with Mars, the Roman god of war, after whom the month is named, and was used by ancient warriors and travelers for its protective properties. In the 19th century, aquamarine emerged as an alternative and has since become the more widely accepted modern birthstone, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. Today, both gemstones are recognized in contemporary birthstone lists, with aquamarine often taking precedence in jewelry and commercial contexts.
The coexistence of two birthstones for March is not accidental but rather a reflection of the dynamic and evolving nature of gemstone symbolism. The inclusion of both aquamarine and bloodstone in the list highlights the diverse cultural and historical narratives that have contributed to the lore of birthstones over time.
Historical and Cultural Significance
Bloodstone: The Ancient Guardian
Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, is a type of jasper characterized by its deep green base with small red specks that resemble drops of blood. These red inclusions are typically iron oxide, and in ancient times, this appearance led to the belief that the stone was imbued with the essence of life itself.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was considered a powerful protective stone, particularly for warriors and travelers. It was often carried into battle or worn as an amulet to ensure courage and strength. The stone was also associated with St. Basil, one of the Church Fathers, and was used in religious ceremonies and relics.
According to historical accounts, bloodstone was believed to have healing properties and was used in the treatment of various ailments. It was especially valued for its purported ability to stop bleeding and was sometimes referred to as "the healer of wounds." Some cultures also associated bloodstone with the blood of Christ, giving it a sacred and spiritual significance.
The 14th-century text The Turquoise mentions bloodstone as one of the most revered stones for protection and clarity of mind. In the 18th century, it was listed in some of the earliest standardized birthstone charts as the sole representative of March.
Aquamarine: The Sea’s Gift
Aquamarine, by contrast, has a more poetic and oceanic association. Its name is derived from the Latin aqua marina, meaning "water of the sea," and its color range—from pale blue to deep blue-green—evokes the hues of the ocean and sky. Aquamarine is a variety of beryl, the same mineral family as emerald, and shares its hexagonal crystal structure.
Ancient mariners and sailors regarded aquamarine as a protective stone, believing it could calm turbulent seas and ensure safe passage. This belief persisted for centuries, and aquamarine was often carried by seafarers as a talisman. In some cultures, it was also associated with immortality and was used in funerary rites.
The gemstone’s popularity grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly after large deposits were discovered in Brazil. These deposits produced some of the finest and largest aquamarine crystals in the world. One of the most famous specimens is the 1,298-carat aquamarine gifted to Eleanor Roosevelt by the Brazilian government in 1936. This piece is now part of the Smithsonian Institution’s collection.
Aquamarine has also been linked to love and marriage. Some traditions suggest that it promotes harmony and happiness in relationships, making it a fitting gem for wedding jewelry. It is also associated with the 18th wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and companionship.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine: A Beryl of the Ocean
Aquamarine is a beryl mineral, with the chemical formula Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆. It forms in granitic pegmatites—massive, coarse-grained igneous rocks that are rich in rare elements. The presence of iron within the crystal lattice is responsible for its blue coloration. The amount of iron determines the intensity of the blue hue, with higher concentrations producing darker shades.
Aquamarine is typically found in large, well-formed crystals, which makes it suitable for faceting and cutting into a variety of shapes. The most valuable and sought-after aquamarines are those with a pure, even blue color and high transparency.
Major sources of aquamarine include:
- Brazil (particularly Minas Gerais, where some of the largest and finest aquamarine crystals have been found)
- Nigeria
- Kenya
- Madagascar
- China
- United States (specifically in Colorado, California, and Texas)
In the U.S., aquamarine is the state gemstone of Colorado, where it is found in the Mount Antero area. The mineral’s presence in these regions is due to the geological conditions that favor the formation of beryl, including the slow cooling of magma and the presence of water and volatile elements.
Bloodstone: A Jasper of the Earth
Bloodstone is a type of chert, a sedimentary rock composed primarily of microcrystalline quartz (chert and flint). Its deep green color comes from chlorite or actinolite, while the red specks are typically iron oxide inclusions. These inclusions resemble drops of blood, giving the stone its name and much of its historical significance.
Bloodstone is typically opaque and is best cut into cabochons to highlight its color and pattern. It is not as commonly faceted as aquamarine due to its lower transparency and more variable composition.
Notable sources of bloodstone include:
- India (especially in the state of Rajasthan, where much of the world’s bloodstone is mined)
- Brazil
- United States
- Australia
The Indian deposits are particularly famous for producing high-quality bloodstone with vivid red inclusions and a rich green base. Bloodstone is also found in some European countries, including Germany and Poland, where it has been historically significant.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine: A Durable and Versatile Gem
Aquamarine is a relatively hard and durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, which makes it suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications, including rings, necklaces, and bracelets. It is resistant to scratches and abrasion, though it can be damaged by sudden temperature changes or exposure to strong acids.
The gemstone has a specific gravity of approximately 2.67 to 2.83 and a refractive index of 1.56 to 1.60. These properties contribute to its clarity and brilliance, especially when cut into faceted forms. Aquamarine is also relatively stable under ultrasonic and steam cleaning, though care should be taken if the stone contains large inclusions or fractures.
Color is the primary factor in determining the value of aquamarine. Stones with a pure, even blue color and high transparency are the most valuable. Greenish tints are less desirable, and overly dark stones may appear dull or lifeless.
Aquamarine is also pleochroic, meaning it can exhibit different colors when viewed from different angles. This property is more pronounced in certain colors and can affect the appearance of the stone in different lighting conditions.
Bloodstone: A Stone of Strength
Bloodstone has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it slightly softer than aquamarine. While it is a durable stone, it is more prone to scratches and abrasions, particularly in settings with high wear, such as rings. It is best suited for cabochon cuts, where the surface is smooth and less likely to chip or wear.
The stone has a specific gravity of 2.6 to 2.8 and a refractive index of 1.54 to 1.55. Its opaque nature means it does not reflect light in the same way as aquamarine, and its value is more dependent on the intensity and distribution of the red inclusions rather than clarity or color saturation.
Bloodstone is not suitable for ultrasonic or steam cleaning, as these methods can damage the inclusions or cause fractures in the stone. Instead, it should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild detergent to maintain its appearance and integrity.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Properties
Aquamarine: The Stone of Serenity
In modern gemstone lore, aquamarine is associated with calmness, clarity, and tranquility. It is believed to promote emotional balance and reduce stress, making it a popular choice for those seeking peace and inner harmony. Some traditions suggest that it can enhance communication and self-expression, making it ideal for public speakers or those in leadership roles.
The stone is also thought to have a protective energy, particularly for travelers and those who spend time near water. It is often used in talismans and amulets to ensure safe passage and ward off negative influences.
In metaphysical practices, aquamarine is associated with the Throat and Heart chakras, and is used to enhance speech, promote love, and foster compassion.
Bloodstone: The Stone of Courage and Clarity
Bloodstone is traditionally associated with courage, strength, and vitality. It is believed to enhance physical endurance and mental focus, making it a popular choice for athletes and warriors. The stone is also thought to promote honesty and integrity, and is used in rituals to encourage truthfulness and clarity of thought.
Some traditions suggest that bloodstone can purify the body and mind, and is used in healing practices to support the immune system and treat physical ailments. It is also believed to have grounding properties, helping individuals stay connected to the earth and their own emotions.
In spiritual practices, bloodstone is associated with the Root and Solar Plexus chakras, and is used to enhance personal power, confidence, and emotional stability.
Care and Maintenance
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a relatively easy-to-care-for gemstone, thanks to its high hardness and durability. It can be cleaned using mild soap and warm water, and can also be cleaned using ultrasonic or steam cleaners if the stone is free of inclusions or fractures.
When storing aquamarine, it is best to keep it in a soft cloth or padded container to prevent scratches and damage. Avoid exposing the gemstone to direct sunlight or heat, as this can cause discoloration or fading over time.
Aquamarine is generally stable in jewelry, but it should still be handled with care, particularly in rings and bracelets where it is subject to daily wear.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone requires a bit more care due to its lower hardness and opaque nature. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild detergent, and avoided from ultrasonic or steam cleaning, which can damage the inclusions or cause fractures.
When storing bloodstone, it is best to keep it separate from other gemstones, as its surface can be sensitive to abrasion. Avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures, as this can alter its color or integrity.
Bloodstone is best suited for cabochon cuts, and should be worn with care in high-wear settings such as rings.
Choosing March Birthstone Jewelry
When selecting aquamarine or bloodstone jewelry, several factors should be considered to ensure quality and longevity.
Aquamarine Jewelry
Aquamarine is an excellent choice for everyday wear due to its durability and availability. It is commonly cut into round, oval, and emerald shapes, which enhance its brilliance and color. Because of its light color and high clarity, aquamarine is ideal for engagement rings, earrings, and necklaces.
When purchasing aquamarine jewelry, look for stones with a pure, even blue color and symmetrical, well-proportioned cuts. Avoid stones with a strong green tint or inclusions that affect clarity.
Aquamarine is also a versatile gemstone, and can be paired with diamonds, sapphires, and other colored gemstones to create elegant and unique designs.
Bloodstone Jewelry
Bloodstone is best suited for cabochon cuts, and is commonly used in pendants, earrings, and rings with protective settings. It is particularly popular in medieval and fantasy-inspired jewelry, where its deep green and red coloration adds a dramatic and mystical quality.
When purchasing bloodstone jewelry, look for stones with vivid red inclusions and a rich green base. The inclusions should be evenly distributed and not overly dense, as this can detract from the stone’s appeal.
Bloodstone is also a versatile gemstone, and can be paired with gold, silver, and other colored gemstones to create striking and meaningful pieces.
Conclusion
The March birthstone tradition is a unique and fascinating one, as it includes two distinct gemstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—each with its own rich history, symbolism, and gemological properties. While aquamarine has become the more widely recognized birthstone in modern times, bloodstone remains a powerful and deeply rooted alternative with a storied past.
Both gemstones offer distinct advantages in terms of durability, beauty, and symbolism. Aquamarine is prized for its serene blue color and association with the sea, while bloodstone is valued for its deep green and red hues and its historical significance as a protective and healing stone.
Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meaning behind your birthstone, the March birthstone offers a wealth of history, culture, and beauty to explore.