The Most Expensive Birthstones: A Journey Through Rarity, Beauty, and Value

Gemstones have long captivated human imagination, not only for their aesthetic appeal but also for their symbolic significance and intrinsic value. Among the many gemstones associated with specific months of the year—known as birthstones—certain stones stand out not just for their rarity, but also for their staggering price per carat. This article delves into the most expensive birthstones, drawing on authoritative sources to explore their geological properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and the factors that contribute to their astronomical market value.


Introduction

Birthstones are gemstones linked to specific months of the year and have been revered for centuries for their beauty, symbolism, and, in some cases, purported metaphysical properties. While all birthstones have value, only a select few command prices that reach into the thousands or even millions of dollars per carat. The price of a birthstone is influenced by a range of factors, including rarity, color, clarity, cut, and the demand in the gemstone market.

This article presents a detailed analysis of the most expensive birthstones, with a particular focus on their unique properties, historical context, and the reasons behind their high market value. We will examine the top contenders for the title of the most expensive birthstone and explore what sets them apart in the world of gemology.


History and Lore

The concept of birthstones dates back to biblical times. In the Old Testament, the High Priest Aaron is described as wearing a breastplate adorned with twelve precious stones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones became associated with the months of the year, forming the basis of the modern birthstone tradition. By the 19th century, the practice of linking gemstones to birthdays had become widespread in Europe and North America.

Some of the most expensive birthstones have histories as rich as their price tags. For example, alexandrite, a rare and color-changing gemstone, was named after Czar Alexander II of Russia and was once considered the national stone of the country. Similarly, the ruby, one of the most valuable gemstones in the world, has been treasured by royalty for centuries. Its deep red color has been associated with power, passion, and protection.


Geological Formation and Sources

The geological formation of a gemstone plays a crucial role in its rarity and value. Most of the most expensive birthstones are formed under extreme conditions deep within the Earth’s crust. These gemstones are often found in only a few locations worldwide, further contributing to their exclusivity.

Alexandrite

Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl and is one of the few gemstones that exhibit a color-change effect. It was first discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1830, coincidentally on the birthday of Czar Alexander II, which is why it was named after him. Alexandrite changes from a greenish hue in daylight to a purplish-red under incandescent light. The best specimens are found in Russia, but due to the depletion of the original source, alexandrite is now more commonly mined in Brazil and Madagascar.

Ruby

Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which also includes sapphire. Rubies are formed when trace amounts of chromium give the corundum a deep red color. The finest rubies are found in Myanmar (formerly Burma), where they have been mined for centuries. The ruby’s deep red color and exceptional hardness make it highly desirable in both jewelry and collections.

Tanzanite

Tanzanite is a rare and relatively newly discovered gemstone. It was first found in Tanzania in 1967 and is derived from the mineral zoisite. Tanzanite is known for its striking blue-violet color and is only found in a small region near Mount Kilimanjaro. Its limited geographical source and the fact that it is only found in one country in the world make it highly valuable. Tanzanite is rated at 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, which makes it less durable than diamonds or sapphires but still suitable for certain types of jewelry.

Sapphire

Sapphire is another variety of corundum, and while it is best known for its deep blue color, it can occur in a wide range of colors, including pink, yellow, and green. The most valuable sapphires are those with a deep, vivid blue color and high clarity. The finest sapphires are traditionally mined in Kashmir, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Kashmir sapphires are particularly prized for their “cornflower blue” color, which is considered the most desirable in the gem trade.

Diamond

Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth and is formed under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s mantle. The most famous diamond deposits are found in Africa, particularly in countries like South Africa and Botswana. Diamonds are also mined in Canada, Russia, and Australia. The value of a diamond is determined by the four Cs: carat weight, color, clarity, and cut. While diamonds are not as rare as some other gemstones, their high demand and marketing strategies have contributed to their high prices.


Gemological Properties

The gemological properties of a stone—such as hardness, refractive index, chemical composition, and optical characteristics—play a significant role in its value. These properties determine not only the stone’s durability and appearance but also its suitability for different types of jewelry and its overall appeal to collectors.

Alexandrite

  • Chemical Composition: BeAl₂O₄ (beryllium aluminum oxide)
  • Hardness: 8.5–9 on the Mohs scale
  • Color Change: Green in daylight to red under incandescent light
  • Refractive Index: 1.74–1.79
  • Luster: Vitreous

Alexandrite is highly prized for its unique color-changing properties, which are due to the presence of chromium in its crystal structure. The color change effect is most pronounced in high-quality specimens, making alexandrite one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world.

Ruby

  • Chemical Composition: Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide) with trace chromium
  • Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
  • Color: Deep red to pinkish red
  • Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
  • Luster: Vitreous

Rubies are among the hardest gemstones, second only to diamonds. The deep red color is caused by the presence of chromium, which also gives rubies their intense fluorescence under ultraviolet light. The finest rubies are those with a pure red color and high clarity.

Tanzanite

  • Chemical Composition: Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(OH)₂ (a type of zoisite)
  • Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
  • Color: Blue to violet
  • Refractive Index: 1.694–1.706
  • Luster: Vitreous

Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone compared to diamonds and sapphires, which makes it less suitable for everyday wear. However, its vivid blue color and limited availability make it a highly valuable collectible.

Sapphire

  • Chemical Composition: Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide) with trace elements like iron and titanium
  • Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
  • Color: Blue (most common), but also pink, yellow, green, and others
  • Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
  • Luster: Vitreous

Sapphires are known for their durability and brilliance. The blue color of sapphires is caused by the presence of iron and titanium. The finest sapphires are those with a deep, even blue color and high clarity.

Diamond

  • Chemical Composition: C (carbon)
  • Hardness: 10 on the Mohs scale
  • Color: Colorless (most valuable), but can also occur in yellow, brown, blue, pink, and other colors
  • Refractive Index: 2.417
  • Luster: Adamantine

Diamonds are the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth, which makes them extremely durable. The value of a diamond is largely determined by the four Cs—carat weight, color, clarity, and cut. While diamonds are not as rare as some other gemstones, their high demand and marketing have made them one of the most expensive birthstones.


Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs

Throughout history, gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic and metaphysical properties. These beliefs, while not supported by scientific evidence, have contributed to the enduring appeal of certain gemstones.

Alexandrite

Alexandrite is often associated with intuition, balance, and emotional stability. It is believed to help individuals navigate through difficult times and make wise decisions. Some sources suggest that alexandrite can enhance creativity and promote a sense of harmony.

Ruby

Ruby has long been associated with passion, power, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed that rubies could ward off evil and bring good fortune. The deep red color of the ruby is often linked to the heart and is considered a symbol of love and vitality.

Tanzanite

Tanzanite is associated with transformation, healing, and emotional balance. It is believed to help individuals release old patterns and embrace new beginnings. Some sources suggest that tanzanite can enhance spiritual awareness and encourage self-expression.

Sapphire

Sapphire has been traditionally associated with wisdom, truth, and loyalty. In medieval times, sapphires were thought to bring protection and divine favor. The blue color of sapphires is often linked to the sky and the sea, symbolizing clarity and depth.

Diamond

Diamonds are often associated with eternal love, strength, and purity. In many cultures, diamonds are considered symbols of commitment and are commonly used in engagement rings. The word “diamond” comes from the Greek word “adamas,” meaning “unbreakable,” which reflects its hardness and enduring nature.


Care and Cleaning

Proper care and cleaning are essential for preserving the beauty and value of expensive gemstones. The specific care instructions for each gemstone depend on its hardness, susceptibility to damage, and chemical properties.

Alexandrite

Alexandrite is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It should be handled with care to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures, as these can affect its color-changing properties.

Ruby

Ruby is a hard and durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is resistant to most chemicals but should be kept away from high heat and acidic environments.

Tanzanite

Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone and requires more careful handling. It should be cleaned with a mild soap solution and a soft cloth. It is sensitive to high heat and should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.

Sapphire

Sapphire is a very hard and durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is resistant to most chemicals and can be safely exposed to ultrasonic cleaners.

Diamond

Diamonds are extremely hard and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush or an ultrasonic cleaner. They are highly resistant to most chemicals and can be safely cleaned with a variety of methods.


Conclusion

The most expensive birthstones are not only rare and beautiful but also carry a rich history and deep cultural significance. From the color-changing magic of alexandrite to the fiery brilliance of ruby, each of these gemstones represents the pinnacle of nature’s artistry. Their high prices are a result of a combination of factors, including their geological rarity, exceptional beauty, and the demand from collectors and jewelers alike.

Understanding the properties, history, and symbolism of these gemstones allows us to appreciate their true value—not just in monetary terms but also in the stories they tell and the emotions they evoke. Whether as a collector’s item or a cherished piece of jewelry, the most expensive birthstones continue to captivate and inspire, serving as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones.


Sources

  1. Most Expensive Birthstones In Order
  2. The 6 Most Expensive Birthstones in the World
  3. Most Expensive Birthstone
  4. Most Expensive Birthstones
  5. The Most Expensive Birthstones in the World
  6. The Five Most Expensive Birthstones of All-Time

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