December, the final month of the calendar year, is not only marked by the cold of winter and the warmth of holiday celebrations but also by the allure of its rich and varied birthstones. Unlike many months that are associated with one or two gemstones, December has long been celebrated for its array of traditional and modern birthstones—offering a diverse selection that reflects both history and contemporary taste. Among these, turquoise and lapis lazuli stand out as the original and most enduring symbols of December's gemstone heritage.
This article delves into the traditional December birthstones, particularly turquoise and lapis lazuli, to explore their historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism. These stones have captivated civilizations for centuries, from ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia to the Native American Southwest and beyond. In addition to their aesthetic appeal, both gems are deeply intertwined with spiritual beliefs, artistic traditions, and jewelry craftsmanship, making them not only beautiful but also meaningful stones for those born in December.
By examining the geological origins, metaphysical properties, and cultural relevance of these stones, this article aims to provide a comprehensive and authoritative resource for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
A Brief Historical Overview of December Birthstones
The concept of birthstones, the idea that certain gemstones are linked to specific months and offer protection, healing, or wisdom to those born in that month, has deep historical roots. Though the exact origins of the birthstone tradition are unclear, early references can be traced to biblical and ancient Mesopotamian sources. For example, the High Priest’s breastplate described in the Book of Exodus is often cited as an early source of the birthstone tradition. This artifact is said to have been adorned with 12 gemstones, each representing one of the 12 tribes of Israel. However, the exact identification of these stones remains a subject of debate among scholars and gemologists.
In the case of December, the historical designation of its birthstones has evolved significantly over time. Early records from the 19th and 20th centuries list turquoise as the primary December birthstone. Over the decades, lapis lazuli was also added to the list, likely due to its striking blue color and long-standing historical association with royalty and spirituality. In more recent times, the list has expanded further, incorporating zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz as modern December birthstones. However, for the purpose of this article, the focus remains on the traditional stones: turquoise and lapis lazuli.
The addition of multiple birthstones to December reflects both the availability and variety of gemstones and the changing tastes and market demands in the jewelry industry. As new gem discoveries were made and new cutting and polishing techniques developed, consumers were given more options to choose from. These additions also reflect the cultural and commercial evolution of the birthstone tradition, which continues to adapt while retaining its deep historical roots.
Lapis Lazuli: The Stone of Wisdom and Royalty
Geological Formation and Sources
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of sodium aluminum silicate, with pyrite (iron sulfide) often embedded within it, creating the characteristic golden flecks that enhance its deep blue color. The most famous and highest quality lapis lazuli comes from the Afghanistan region, particularly the Badakhshan province, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other notable sources include Russia, Canada, Chile, and the United States, though these deposits generally yield stones with less intense coloration.
Lapis lazuli forms under high pressure and temperature conditions, typically in regions where limestone is intruded by magma. This process allows the minerals that make up lapis lazuli—lazurite, calcite, and pyrite—to crystallize together, creating the rich blue hue that has been so highly prized throughout history.
Historical Significance
Lapis lazuli has a long and storied history, with evidence of its use dating back to 5000 BCE in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley. Ancient Egyptians used it to create jewelry, amulets, and even cosmetics, as it was ground into a fine powder to make cosmetic pigments. Pharaohs and high-ranking officials were often buried with lapis lazuli adornments, suggesting its symbolic and spiritual significance.
In ancient Mesopotamia, lapis lazuli was associated with divine knowledge and communication with the gods. In Persian and Indian traditions, it was believed to be a stone of protection, wisdom, and spiritual insight, and it was often used in religious and ceremonial contexts.
During the Renaissance, lapis lazuli was used to make ultramarine pigment, a highly valued and expensive blue dye used in frescoes and oil paintings. The name "lapis lazuli" itself comes from the Latin for "stone of the sea," a reference to the stone's deep, ocean-like blue color.
Metaphysical and Cultural Symbolism
Lapis lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual enlightenment. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to bring divine favor and protection to the wearer. In medieval Europe, it was thought to have healing properties, particularly for the nervous system and the throat, and was used in amulets and charms to ward off illness.
In modern metaphysical practices, lapis lazuli is considered a stone of truth, self-awareness, and intellectual clarity. It is believed to stimulate the mind, enhance logical thinking, and promote a sense of inner peace. It is also associated with the Third Eye and Throat Chakras, making it a popular choice for those engaged in meditation and spiritual practices.
Use in Jewelry and Art
Lapis lazuli’s deep blue color and golden flecks make it a visually striking gemstone, often used in jewelry, inlays, and decorative art. Due to its relative softness (it has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6), it is best suited for pendants, earrings, and carved pieces rather than rings and bracelets, where it is more likely to be scratched or damaged.
In December birthstone jewelry, lapis lazuli is often featured in statement pieces, such as large pendants and brooches, where its rich color and texture can be fully appreciated. It is also a popular choice for alternative and artisanal jewelry, where its organic, earthy aesthetic complements handcrafted designs.
Turquoise: The Stone of Protection and Positive Energy
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral composed of copper, aluminum, and phosphorus, with its characteristic blue-green color resulting from the presence of copper. It forms in anhydrous, arid environments, typically in the weathering zones of copper deposits, where phosphorus-rich water percolates through rock formations.
The most renowned sources of turquoise include the American Southwest, particularly in New Mexico and Nevada, where it has been mined and used for centuries by Native American tribes. Other significant sources include Iran (Persia), China, and Egypt. The color and quality of turquoise vary widely depending on the mineral composition and impurities present in the stone, with the best examples being deep blue with minimal matrix (the dark veins of the host rock).
Historical Significance
Turquoise has been revered and used in jewelry, ceremonial objects, and spiritual practices across multiple civilizations for thousands of years. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to offer protection and divine favor, and was often used in burial amulets and temple decorations. Pharaohs were often buried with turquoise-adorned jewelry, and it was considered a stone of the gods.
In the American Southwest, turquoise has been a central element of Native American culture for centuries. The Pueblo, Navajo, and Zuni peoples have used it in ceremonial jewelry and spiritual rituals, believing it to be a source of positive energy, healing, and protection. Navajo jewelry, in particular, is famous for its silver and turquoise designs, which reflect both artistic beauty and cultural significance.
During the Persian and Chinese dynasties, turquoise was highly prized for its aesthetic and symbolic value, often used in inlaid furniture, jewelry, and decorative objects. It was considered a stone of wisdom and immortality, and was often gifted as a token of good fortune and protection.
Metaphysical and Cultural Symbolism
Turquoise is one of the most widely recognized and revered gemstones in the world of metaphysical and spiritual practices. It is often referred to as the "stone of happiness" and is believed to bring positive energy, calmness, and protection to the wearer. In Native American traditions, it is considered a stone of the earth and sky, connecting the physical and spiritual realms.
In modern metaphysical beliefs, turquoise is associated with the Throat and Heart Chakras, making it a popular choice for healing and communication. It is believed to enhance speech, promote truthfulness, and encourage emotional balance. It is also thought to protect against negative energies and promote inner peace.
Turquoise is often used in ceremonial and ritual jewelry, and is considered a powerful talisman for travelers and adventurers. It is also a popular birthstone for December, symbolizing good fortune, creativity, and optimism.
Use in Jewelry and Art
Turquoise is a versatile gemstone that is often inlaid into silver or other metals, particularly in Native American jewelry, where it is used to create intricate and colorful designs. It is also used in carvings, mosaics, and decorative objects, where its vibrant color and natural texture can be showcased.
In December birthstone jewelry, turquoise is often featured in rings, pendants, and earrings, and is particularly popular in Southwestern and bohemian styles. Due to its softness (Mohs hardness of 5 to 6), it is best suited for jewelry that is worn less frequently or that is well protected, as it can be easily scratched or damaged.
Turquoise is also a popular choice for handcrafted and artisanal jewelry, where its organic, earthy aesthetic complements natural and rustic designs. It is often paired with silver, gold, and other natural stones, creating unique and meaningful pieces that reflect both beauty and tradition.
A Comparative Analysis of the Traditional December Birthstones
Characteristic | Lapis Lazuli | Turquoise |
---|---|---|
Primary Composition | Sodium aluminum silicate (lazurite) | Copper aluminum phosphate |
Color | Deep blue with golden pyrite flecks | Blue-green, often with dark matrix |
Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 5 to 6 | 5 to 6 |
Origin | Afghanistan, Russia, Canada, Chile | American Southwest, Iran, Egypt |
Historical Use | Used in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Persian art | Used in Native American, Egyptian, and Persian art |
Metaphysical Properties | Wisdom, truth, spiritual insight | Protection, positive energy, communication |
Popular Uses in Jewelry | Pendants, brooches, carved pieces | Inlaid jewelry, pendants, rings |
Cultural Significance | Associated with royalty, spirituality | Associated with protection, healing |
Both lapis lazuli and turquoise share a rich historical and cultural heritage, making them ideal December birthstones. While lapis lazuli is more associated with wisdom and spiritual insight, turquoise is more linked to protection and positive energy. Their similar hardness levels and distinct colors make them visually and symbolically complementary, and together they offer a beautiful and meaningful representation of December’s gemstone tradition.
Care and Maintenance of Traditional December Birthstones
Given the relative softness of both lapis lazuli and turquoise (with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6), it is essential to handle and clean these stones with care to preserve their beauty and longevity.
Cleaning and Storage
- Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as they can damage the surface of the stone or remove any coatings or treatments.
- Use a soft, damp cloth to gently wipe the surface of the stone, and avoid soaking it in water for extended periods.
- Store the stones separately from other harder gemstones to prevent scratches, ideally in a soft-lined jewelry box or pouch.
- Avoid exposure to heat and sunlight, as prolonged exposure can cause fading or discoloration, particularly in treated or dyed turquoise.
Wearing and Handling
- Avoid wearing lapis lazuli or turquoise during physical activities where the stone may be subject to impact or abrasion.
- Remove the jewelry before sleeping, swimming, or engaging in household chores, as these activities can expose the stone to moisture, chemicals, or physical stress.
- Clean the stone regularly with a soft cloth and mild soap, and avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone or its setting.
By following these care and maintenance practices, December birthstone owners can preserve the beauty and value of their gemstones for years to come.
Conclusion
The traditional December birthstones—lapis lazuli and turquoise—are more than just beautiful gemstones; they are rich in history, symbolism, and cultural significance. From the royal courts of ancient Egypt to the ceremonial traditions of Native American tribes, these stones have been cherished and revered for their aesthetic appeal and spiritual properties.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color and golden flecks, has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight, while turquoise, with its vibrant blue-green hues, has been revered for its protective and healing properties. Both stones offer a unique blend of beauty and meaning, making them ideal choices for December-born individuals seeking to connect with the rich heritage of gemstones.
As the birthstone tradition continues to evolve, these traditional stones remain symbolic of December’s spirit of transition, reflection, and celebration. Whether worn as jewelry, used in art, or appreciated for their metaphysical properties, lapis lazuli and turquoise continue to capture the imagination and devotion of gemstone lovers around the world.