December is a month rich in symbolism, and its birthstones reflect this with their vibrant colors and diverse histories. Traditionally, December has been associated with turquoise and zircon, but over time, the list has expanded to include tanzanite, blue topaz, and lapis lazuli. These gemstones are not only visually stunning but also carry deep cultural and historical significance. In this article, we will explore the properties, history, symbolism, and jewelry options associated with these December birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back centuries, with roots in ancient biblical and medieval European practices. December's traditional birthstones, turquoise and zircon, have been treasured for their beauty and metaphysical properties for thousands of years. Turquoise, in particular, was revered by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and the Chinese for its protective and healing qualities. It was often used in amulets and talismans, believed to bring good fortune and ward off evil spirits.
Zircon, another traditional December birthstone, has a long and storied history. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. It has been used in jewelry for millennia and was once mistaken for diamonds due to its brilliance and fire. In medieval Europe, zircon was believed to have protective powers and was often worn to ward off nightmares and enhance spiritual awareness.
The modern era brought additional December birthstones to the list. Blue topaz and tanzanite were added as modern alternatives to the traditional blue stones, while lapis lazuli was also included for its deep blue color and historical significance. Tanzanite, in particular, is a relatively recent discovery. It was first identified in the 1960s in Tanzania and quickly gained popularity for its stunning blue to violet hues.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December's birthstones has unique geological properties and origins. Understanding these characteristics helps in appreciating the rarity and beauty of these gemstones.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)PO₄·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits and is often found in arid regions. The most famous sources of turquoise include the United States (especially Arizona and Nevada), Egypt, and China. Turquoise is known for its range of colors, from deep blue to green, depending on the presence of copper and iron.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It occurs in a variety of colors, including colorless, yellow, red, green, and blue. The blue zircon used in jewelry is typically heat-treated to enhance its color. Zircon is found in many parts of the world, including Australia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. It is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a diamond-like brilliance.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of topaz, a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Natural blue topaz is rare, and most of the blue topaz seen in jewelry is created through irradiation and heat treatment. The most significant sources of topaz include Brazil, the United States, and Mexico. Blue topaz is known for its clarity and vibrant blue color, which can range from pale sky blue to deep London blue.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)₃. It is trichroic, meaning it can display different colors—blue, violet, and brown—depending on the angle of view. Tanzanite is only found in a small region near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. It was first discovered in the 1960s and quickly became popular for its stunning blue to violet hues. Tanzanite is typically heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with the chemical formula NaCa₂(AlSiO₆)S₄. It also contains other minerals such as pyrite, calcite, and sodalite. Lapis lazuli is known for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. The finest lapis lazuli is sourced from Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. It was highly prized by ancient Egyptians and was used in jewelry, amulets, and even as a pigment in paintings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December's birthstones is associated with various symbolic and metaphysical properties. These beliefs have evolved over time, reflecting the cultural and spiritual significance of these gemstones.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to protect the wearer from harm and bring prosperity. Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo and Hopi, also revered turquoise for its protective qualities. They used it in jewelry and carvings, believing it to have spiritual powers that connected the earth and sky.
Zircon
Zircon is believed to enhance spiritual awareness, promote insight, and facilitate communication. In medieval Europe, zircon was thought to protect against nightmares and negative energy. It was also believed to have healing properties and was used in various remedies. Some cultures associate zircon with clarity and focus, making it a popular stone for meditation and personal growth.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, serenity, and mental clarity. It is believed to help soothe the mind and reduce stress. In some cultures, blue topaz is thought to enhance intuition and promote emotional balance. It is also associated with truth and honesty, making it a popular choice for those seeking to communicate effectively.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is linked to spiritual growth, intuition, and emotional healing. It is believed to enhance one's ability to understand complex emotions and to foster empathy. Tanzanite is also associated with the throat chakra, which is believed to facilitate communication and self-expression. In some metaphysical traditions, tanzanite is considered a stone of transformation, helping individuals to let go of old patterns and embrace new beginnings.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and inner strength. It has been used in various cultures for thousands of years, often in religious and spiritual contexts. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was believed to protect the wearer and promote mental clarity. It was also used in amulets and talismans to ward off evil. In medieval Europe, lapis lazuli was associated with royalty and was believed to bring good fortune and wisdom.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of each December birthstone is essential for appreciating their beauty and durability. These properties include hardness, refractive index, specific gravity, and other characteristics that define their appearance and use in jewelry.
Turquoise
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale.
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65.
- Specific Gravity: 2.6–2.8.
- Color: Blue to green, depending on the presence of copper and iron.
- Transparency: Opaque.
- Luster: Waxy to greasy.
- Cleavage: None.
- Fracture: Uneven.
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone and can be easily scratched. It is also porous, which means it can absorb oils and other substances. For this reason, it requires careful handling and cleaning.
Zircon
- Hardness: 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale.
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.01.
- Specific Gravity: 4.6–4.8.
- Color: Colorless, yellow, red, green, blue (blue zircon is typically heat-treated).
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Cleavage: Poor.
- Fracture: Uneven.
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant, fiery appearance. It is relatively hard and durable, making it suitable for jewelry. However, it can be brittle in some forms and requires careful handling.
Blue Topaz
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale.
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.63.
- Specific Gravity: 3.4–3.6.
- Color: Blue (natural blue topaz is rare; most blue topaz is treated).
- Transparency: Transparent.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Cleavage: None.
- Fracture: Conchoidal.
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone with a high hardness, making it suitable for everyday wear. It is known for its clarity and vibrant blue color, which can range from pale to deep blue. It is also relatively affordable, making it a popular choice for jewelry.
Tanzanite
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale.
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.701.
- Specific Gravity: 3.1–3.4.
- Color: Blue to violet-blue (trichroic).
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction.
- Fracture: Uneven.
Tanzanite is relatively soft and has perfect cleavage, which means it can be easily chipped or cracked. It requires careful handling and is best suited for jewelry that is not subjected to daily wear and tear. Its trichroic nature makes it unique and visually striking.
Lapis Lazuli
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale.
- Refractive Index: 1.62–1.68.
- Specific Gravity: 2.4–2.9.
- Color: Deep blue with golden flecks (pyrite).
- Transparency: Opaque.
- Luster: Waxy to greasy.
- Cleavage: None.
- Fracture: Uneven.
Lapis lazuli is a soft, opaque gemstone that is often used in carvings and cabochons. It is known for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. It requires careful handling and is best suited for jewelry that is not subjected to daily wear and tear.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December's birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and other properties.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft and porous gemstone that can be easily damaged. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals, excessive heat, or moisture, as this can cause it to lose its color and become brittle. It should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively hard and durable, but it can be brittle in some forms. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or high heat, as this can cause it to lose its color or become brittle. It should be stored in a dry place to prevent tarnishing.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone with a high hardness, making it suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or high heat, as this can cause it to lose its color or become brittle. It should be stored in a dry place to prevent tarnishing.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft and has perfect cleavage, making it susceptible to chipping and cracking. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or high heat, as this can cause it to lose its color or become brittle. It should be stored in a dry place to prevent tarnishing.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft, opaque gemstone that should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals, excessive heat, or moisture, as this can cause it to lose its color and become brittle. It should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Jewelry Designs for December Birthstones
December's birthstones offer a wide range of jewelry design possibilities, from classic to contemporary. Each gemstone has unique characteristics that make it suitable for different styles of jewelry.
Turquoise
Turquoise is often used in cabochons and carvings, making it ideal for pendants, earrings, and rings. It is also popular in Native American jewelry, where it is often set in silver. Turquoise jewelry is best suited for special occasions due to its softness and porosity.
Zircon
Zircon is known for its brilliance and fire, making it a popular choice for rings, pendants, and earrings. It is often used in vintage and antique jewelry, where its vibrant colors and high refractive index add a touch of elegance. Zircon jewelry is best suited for special occasions due to its brittleness in some forms.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a versatile gemstone that can be used in a wide range of jewelry designs. It is often used in rings, pendants, and earrings, and is popular in modern and contemporary jewelry. Its high hardness and clarity make it suitable for everyday wear, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and wedding bands.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a stunning gemstone that is often used in rings, pendants, and earrings. It is particularly popular in vintage and antique jewelry, where its trichroic nature and vibrant colors add a touch of elegance. Tanzanite jewelry is best suited for special occasions due to its softness and perfect cleavage.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is often used in cabochons and carvings, making it ideal for pendants, earrings, and rings. It is also popular in Native American and Middle Eastern jewelry, where its deep blue color and golden flecks add a touch of luxury. Lapis lazuli jewelry is best suited for special occasions due to its softness and porosity.
Conclusion
December's birthstones—blue zircon, tanzanite, blue topaz, turquoise, and lapis lazuli—offer a rich mix of history, symbolism, and beauty. Each gemstone has unique properties that make it suitable for different jewelry designs and personal preferences. Whether you are drawn to the deep blue of turquoise, the brilliance of zircon, the clarity of blue topaz, the trichroism of tanzanite, or the elegance of lapis lazuli, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste. By understanding the properties, history, and care requirements of these gemstones, you can appreciate their beauty and significance for years to come.