December, the final month of the year, is uniquely distinguished in the world of gemology by its array of birthstones. Unlike other months that are typically associated with a single gemstone, December boasts not one but five: Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Lapis Lazuli. Each of these stones carries its own set of characteristics, meanings, and histories. Together, they form a vibrant and diverse collection that appeals to different tastes and preferences. This article explores the geological, historical, and symbolic aspects of each December birthstone, based on the most authoritative and consistent information available in the provided sources.
Introduction
December birthstones have long been cherished for their beauty and significance. Their colors, spanning from deep blues to rich violets and greens, reflect the essence of winter and the calmness of the season. These gemstones are not just decorative objects—they are steeped in tradition, spiritual meaning, and scientific interest. Whether used in fine jewelry or as personal talismans, December’s birthstones offer both aesthetic and symbolic value.
This article delves into the origins and properties of each of the five December birthstones, including their geological formation, cultural significance, and practical care tips. The information is sourced from reputable materials that align with the historical and gemological records presented in the sources.
History and Lore
The concept of birthstones has its roots in ancient times. One of the earliest known references to birthstones comes from the biblical story of Aaron’s Breastplate, described in the Book of Exodus, which lists twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones were associated with specific months of the year, forming the basis of the modern birthstone calendar.
For December, the selection of multiple birthstones reflects a broader historical evolution. Turquoise and Zircon have been linked to December for centuries, while Tanzanite and Blue Topaz were added more recently to offer modern alternatives. This variety allows December-born individuals to choose a gemstone that best resonates with their personality, taste, or spiritual beliefs.
The inclusion of Lapis Lazuli in some sources as a traditional December birthstone adds another layer of historical richness. Lapis has been valued since ancient times for its deep blue color and its association with wisdom and royalty.
Each of these stones has its own story. Turquoise, for example, was used by the ancient Egyptians as a protective talisman and was believed to ward off evil. Zircon, particularly in its blue form, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and has been prized for its brilliance and fire. Tanzanite, discovered in the 20th century in Tanzania, is unique for its intense blue to violet color and its limited geographic source.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of December’s birthstones provides insight into their rarity and value.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in arid environments, often in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. The color of turquoise ranges from deep blue to greenish-blue, depending on the amount of copper and iron present.
Major sources of turquoise include:
- Iran, known for its highly prized "Persian blue" turquoise.
- The United States, particularly Arizona and Nevada, where turquoise has been mined for centuries.
- China, which produces turquoise with a more greenish hue.
Turquoise is typically opaque and may contain matrix veins—natural patterns that add to its visual appeal and uniqueness.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate that occurs in a range of colors, including blue, yellow, green, and red. The blue zircon is the most popular as a December birthstone. It is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a brilliant, fiery appearance.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some crystals dating back over 4 billion years. It is found in various parts of the world, including:
- Australia
- South Africa
- Sri Lanka
- Brazil
The blue color of zircon is achieved through heat treatment, which stabilizes the gemstone and enhances its beauty.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is unique in that it can only be found in one location on Earth: near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Discovered in 1967, tanzanite quickly became popular due to its vivid blue to violet color.
Tanzanite's color is caused by trace amounts of vanadium. Its rarity and the limited mining area make it a highly sought-after gemstone. Because of its softness (on the Mohs scale), tanzanite requires careful handling to prevent damage.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a color-treated form of topaz, a silicate mineral that naturally occurs in a variety of colors, including yellow, brown, and pink. The blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, a process that has been used for decades to enhance the gem’s appearance.
Blue topaz is known for its clarity and brilliance. It is relatively hard, making it suitable for everyday wear. Major sources of topaz include:
- Brazil
- Russia
- Myanmar
- United States
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It often contains white calcite and golden pyrite flecks, which add to its visual appeal.
Lapis lazuli has been mined for thousands of years, particularly in Afghanistan, which remains one of the primary sources today. The stone has been used in ancient jewelry, religious artifacts, and even as pigment in art and cosmetics.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and optical properties of December’s birthstones is essential for both gemologists and consumers. These properties determine the gemstone’s durability, appearance, and suitability for various types of jewelry.
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Refractive Index | Transparency | Special Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper | Blue to greenish-blue | 5–6 | 1.61–1.65 | Opaque | Matrix patterns, soft |
| Zircon | Zirconium silicate | Blue, yellow, green | 6.5–7.5 | 1.92–2.01 | Transparent to translucent | Strong dispersion, high refractive index |
| Tanzanite | Calcium aluminum silicate with vanadium | Blue to violet | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | Transparent to translucent | Pleochroism (shows different colors under different light angles) |
| Blue Topaz | Silicate of aluminum and fluorine | Blue (treated) | 8 | 1.62 | Transparent | High clarity, durable |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite, calcite, pyrite | Deep blue with white and gold | 5–6 | Varies (opaque) | Opaque | Often used as an ornamental stone |
These properties make each of these gemstones distinct in appearance and handling. For example, blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones and is ideal for daily wear, while tanzanite and turquoise are more delicate and require gentler care.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries symbolic and metaphysical significance across different cultures and historical periods.
Turquoise
- Symbolism: Protection, good fortune, health
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Turquoise is believed to enhance intuition, dispel negative energy, and promote inner calm. It is often worn as a talisman for protection and as a stone of communication and self-expression.
Zircon
- Symbolism: Clarity, transformation, renewal
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Zircon is associated with spiritual awakening and emotional healing. It is thought to bring clarity of thought and to help with decision-making.
Tanzanite
- Symbolism: Wisdom, compassion, balance
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Tanzanite is believed to enhance emotional stability and to help with emotional healing. It is also associated with intuition and spiritual growth.
Blue Topaz
- Symbolism: Serenity, calm, loyalty
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Blue topaz is believed to promote calmness and mental clarity. It is often used to relieve stress and to support emotional balance.
Lapis Lazuli
- Symbolism: Wisdom, truth, royalty
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Lapis lazuli is associated with intellectual pursuits, spiritual enlightenment, and the enhancement of wisdom. It is often used in meditation and as a stone for higher consciousness.
These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, have been passed down through generations and continue to influence the cultural and spiritual value of these gemstones.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, structure, and sensitivity to environmental factors.
Turquoise
- Hardness: 5–6 (relatively soft)
- Cleaning: Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and prolonged sunlight, as these can cause fading. Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap and water.
- Storage: Store separately from harder stones to prevent scratches.
Zircon
- Hardness: 6.5–7.5
- Cleaning: Zircon is relatively durable but can be sensitive to heat. Clean with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
- Storage: Store in a soft pouch or jewelry box to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
- Hardness: 6–7
- Cleaning: Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and light. Clean with a damp cloth and mild soap. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners.
- Storage: Store in a cool, dark place to preserve color and prevent fading.
Blue Topaz
- Hardness: 8
- Cleaning: Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
- Storage: Can be stored with other gemstones due to its durability.
Lapis Lazuli
- Hardness: 5–6
- Cleaning: Avoid exposure to water and chemicals. Clean with a dry soft cloth.
- Storage: Store separately from harder stones to prevent scratching.
By following these care instructions, December birthstone jewelry can retain its beauty for many years.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Lapis Lazuli—offer a rich and diverse selection for those born in this month. Each gemstone carries a unique combination of geological, historical, and symbolic significance. From the ancient reverence for lapis lazuli and turquoise to the modern appreciation for tanzanite and blue topaz, these stones reflect the deep connection between humanity and the natural world.
Whether chosen for their beauty, their meaning, or their rarity, December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. Their enduring appeal lies not only in their visual allure but also in the stories and traditions they represent. As such, they remain a timeless symbol of individuality, heritage, and personal expression.