December is a month rich in symbolism and beauty, particularly when it comes to its birthstones. Unlike many other months, December is unique in that it is associated with multiple gemstones—each with its own distinct color, history, and meaning. The official December birthstones include Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli, and Turquoise. These gemstones are not only visually captivating but also carry deep cultural, historical, and symbolic significance. This article provides an in-depth exploration of these gems, focusing on their origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care instructions, all derived from authoritative sources.
Introduction
December's birthstones are a celebration of variety and depth. From the vibrant blue of Blue Topaz and the rich, royal blue of Zircon, to the ethereal Tanzanite and the ancient Turquoise, each of these stones represents a different facet of December's charm. These gems have been cherished for centuries across different cultures and are now recognized as modern and traditional birthstones. They are not just beautiful adornments but also powerful symbols of protection, wisdom, and transformation.
The diversity of December’s birthstones reflects both historical traditions and modern innovations in gemology. For example, Turquoise has been used for thousands of years, while Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery. The inclusion of Blue Topaz and Zircon in the modern list highlights the evolving nature of birthstone traditions and the growing appreciation for gemstones that offer both beauty and affordability.
This article will explore the history and lore of these gemstones, describe their geological formation and sources, outline their gemological properties, and examine their cultural and symbolic significance. Additionally, it will provide practical advice on how to care for these precious stones to preserve their beauty over time.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient times. In the Bible, for example, the High Priest’s breastplate was adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Over the centuries, this concept evolved, and by the 18th and 19th centuries, a more modern system of associating each month with a specific gemstone began to take shape.
For December, the gemstones have a particularly rich and varied history. Turquoise, the traditional December birthstone, has been used since ancient times. It was mined and prized by the ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Native American tribes. Turquoise was believed to bring protection and good fortune, and it was often worn as a talisman. The stone’s blue-green hues were thought to mirror the sky and sea, symbolizing harmony and balance.
Zircon, another traditional December birthstone, has a long and fascinating history. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some specimens dating back over 4 billion years. Ancient civilizations believed that zircon possessed powerful metaphysical properties, including the ability to grant wisdom and prosperity. In medieval Europe, zircon was used to ward off evil and was associated with divine favor.
Tanzanite is a more recent addition to the December birthstone list. Discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s, Tanzanite quickly became popular due to its striking blue-violet color and its rarity. Because it is found only in one location in the world, it is considered a unique and valuable gemstone. Tanzanite is often associated with spiritual transformation and emotional healing.
Blue Topaz is another modern addition to December’s birthstone list. While topaz has been known for centuries, the development of heat-treatment methods in the 20th century made it possible to produce the deep blue hues that are now associated with Blue Topaz. This gemstone has become a popular choice for jewelry due to its durability and affordability.
Lapis Lazuli, though not as commonly associated with December in modern times, has a long history of use in ancient civilizations. Known for its deep blue color and flecks of gold, lapis lazuli was used in Egyptian jewelry and was believed to bring wisdom and truth. It was also used in decorative art and was highly valued by royalty.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological processes behind the formation of December’s birthstones helps to appreciate their rarity and beauty.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a mineral that forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant sparkle. Zircon is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Cambodia, and the United States. The blue color of Blue Zircon is often achieved through heat treatment, which enhances its natural color and makes it more desirable for jewelry.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks. It is found in several countries, including Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. Blue Topaz is created through irradiation and heat treatment processes that alter the color of the stone. This makes Blue Topaz a more affordable and accessible option for those who appreciate its beauty but may not have the budget for rarer gemstones.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite that was discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s. It is found only in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The gemstone’s unique blue-violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium and the way the stone is cut and treated. Tanzanite is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, which means it requires careful handling to avoid damage.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in arid regions where copper-rich rocks are exposed to surface water. The most well-known sources of turquoise include the United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico, as well as Iran and Egypt. The color of turquoise can vary from a bright blue to a greenish-blue, depending on the concentration of copper and the presence of impurities.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It also contains other minerals such as pyrite, which gives it the flecks of gold that are often visible in the stone. Lapis lazuli is primarily found in Afghanistan, which has been a major source of the gemstone for thousands of years. It is also found in Russia, Chile, and the United States.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of December’s birthstones are a key factor in their popularity and use in jewelry.
Blue Zircon
- Color: Blue (often achieved through heat treatment)
- Hardness: 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.01
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Luster: Vitreous
- Cut: Available in a variety of cuts, including round, oval, and princess
- Inclusions: May contain inclusions, which are often considered characteristic of the stone
Blue Topaz
- Color: Blue (due to irradiation and heat treatment)
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.63
- Transparency: Transparent
- Luster: Vitreous
- Cut: Available in a wide range of cuts, including round, oval, and cushion
- Inclusions: Generally has few inclusions, making it a clean and attractive gemstone
Tanzanite
- Color: Blue-violet
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.700
- Transparency: Transparent
- Luster: Vitreous
- Cut: Often cut in an oval or cushion shape to enhance its color and brilliance
- Inclusions: May contain inclusions, which can affect its clarity and value
Turquoise
- Color: Blue to greenish-blue
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.64
- Transparency: Opaque
- Luster: Waxy to greasy
- Cut: Often cut into cabochons to enhance its color and texture
- Inclusions: Porous and may be treated with wax or resin to improve its appearance
Lapis Lazuli
- Color: Deep blue with flecks of gold
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.62–1.64
- Transparency: Opaque
- Luster: Waxy to greasy
- Cut: Often cut into cabochons or used in inlay work
- Inclusions: May contain visible inclusions, including pyrite and other minerals
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December’s birthstones are not only admired for their beauty but also for their symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is believed to bring wisdom, prosperity, and clarity. It is often associated with divine favor and spiritual insight. In ancient times, zircon was used to ward off evil and was thought to enhance the wearer’s ability to make wise decisions. The blue color of Blue Zircon is also associated with calmness and serenity.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is associated with communication, clarity, and emotional balance. It is believed to help the wearer express themselves more effectively and to enhance their ability to think clearly. Blue Topaz is also associated with protection and is thought to bring a sense of peace and calm.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a gemstone of transformation and emotional healing. It is believed to help the wearer release negative emotions and to promote emotional balance. Tanzanite is also associated with spiritual awareness and is thought to enhance the wearer’s connection to their higher self.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection and good fortune. It is believed to bring peace, balance, and harmony to the wearer. Turquoise is also associated with communication and is thought to enhance the wearer’s ability to express themselves. In many cultures, turquoise is also considered a stone of healing and is used in traditional medicine.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a stone of wisdom and truth. It is believed to enhance the wearer’s ability to think clearly and to make wise decisions. Lapis lazuli is also associated with spiritual enlightenment and is thought to enhance the wearer’s connection to their higher self. The gold flecks in lapis lazuli are also believed to represent the divine and the sacred.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to preserving the beauty of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has its own specific care requirements based on its hardness and composition.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is relatively hard but can be scratched if not handled carefully. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Zircon should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones and is more durable than most. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It can also be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner, though it is important to check the manufacturer’s recommendations before using one.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft and should be handled with care. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as they can damage the stone. Tanzanite should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone and is easily damaged. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Turquoise should also be kept away from oils, perfumes, and lotions, as they can discolor the stone. It should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from drying out.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft and porous gemstone and is easily damaged. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as they can damage the stone. Lapis lazuli should also be kept away from oils, perfumes, and lotions, as they can discolor the stone. It should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from drying out.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Lapis Lazuli—are a testament to the rich history and symbolism of gemstones. Each of these gemstones has its own unique beauty, meaning, and cultural significance. Whether you choose a traditional gemstone like Turquoise or a modern gemstone like Blue Topaz, you are selecting a gemstone that carries a deep and meaningful history.
These gemstones are not only beautiful but also powerful symbols of protection, wisdom, and transformation. Their diverse colors and properties make them ideal for a wide range of jewelry styles and personal preferences. Whether you are drawn to the deep blue of Zircon, the vibrant blue of Blue Topaz, the ethereal blue-violet of Tanzanite, the calming blue-green of Turquoise, or the rich blue of Lapis Lazuli, you can find a December birthstone that resonates with you.
By understanding the history, geological properties, and symbolism of these gemstones, you can make an informed decision when choosing a December birthstone. With proper care and maintenance, these gemstones can be enjoyed for generations, preserving their beauty and significance for years to come.