December is a month of celebration, marked not only by winter festivities but also by a unique connection to the world of gemstones. Unlike some months that are represented by a single birthstone, December boasts a collection of five different gemstones—each with its own distinct color, history, and significance. These include turquoise, zircon, topaz, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli. Together, these stones reflect the diversity of human history, from the ancient civilizations that revered them as symbols of power and protection to the modern jewelry market that celebrates their beauty and rarity.
This article explores the December birthstones in detail, covering their geological properties, historical uses, cultural symbolism, and care instructions. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meaning behind these stones, this guide offers a comprehensive and expert-level overview of December’s remarkable birthstone selection.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical and cultural practices. The concept of associating gemstones with months of the year is believed to have originated in the Bible, particularly in Exodus 28:15–30, where the breastplate of the High Priest of Israel was adorned with 12 gems, each representing a tribe of Israel. Over time, these stones were linked to the months of the year, forming the foundation for the modern birthstone tradition.
For December, the selection of multiple birthstones reflects a rich historical evolution. Turquoise and zircon have long been considered the primary December birthstones, with both gems symbolizing the cool hues of winter. Turquoise, in particular, has a long and storied history, being used by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans as a symbol of protection, prosperity, and good fortune. Its deep blue-green color was thought to mirror the sky and sea, connecting the wearer to the divine.
Zircon, on the other hand, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircons found in Australia dating back over 4 billion years. This gemstone was valued in ancient times for its brilliance and rainbow-like fire, which was thought to symbolize the light of the stars. In medieval Europe, zircon was believed to have protective properties and was often used in talismans and amulets.
Topaz, particularly in its blue form, was also associated with December in ancient times. In Hindu tradition, blue topaz was considered a symbol of calm and serenity, often used in meditation and spiritual practices. It was also believed to enhance one's ability to learn and understand complex ideas.
Lapis lazuli, another traditional December birthstone, was highly prized by ancient royalty and artists. Its deep blue color, often flecked with gold pyrite, was considered a symbol of wisdom and truth. In medieval times, lapis lazuli was used to create pigments for illuminated manuscripts and religious art.
In the 20th century, the selection of December birthstones expanded to include tanzanite, which was discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Tanzanite quickly gained popularity due to its striking blue to violet color and its exclusive origin—making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. It was officially recognized as a December birthstone in the United States in 2002, adding to the diversity of options available to those born in December.
Geological Formation and Sources of December Birthstones
Each December birthstone is formed under unique geological conditions, resulting in its distinct appearance and properties. Understanding how these gems are formed and where they are found provides valuable insight into their rarity and value.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in the weathering zone of copper deposits, where acidic water interacts with copper sulfides and aluminum-bearing minerals. This process typically occurs in arid climates, where the water evaporates quickly, allowing the turquoise to precipitate in cavities and cracks within the rock. Major sources of turquoise include the United States (especially Arizona and Nevada), Iran, China, and Egypt.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircons found in Western Australia dating back over 4 billion years. Zircon forms in igneous rocks, such as granite and basalt, and is often found in metamorphic and sedimentary rocks as well. The gemstone is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant fire when cut and polished. Zircon is found in countries such as Cambodia, Thailand, Brazil, and Sri Lanka.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz, which has the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It is a hard and durable gemstone with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it suitable for everyday wear. Blue topaz is created by irradiating and heating brown topaz, which alters its color to a range of blues, from light sky blue to deep London blue. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, so most of the blue topaz available on the market is treated. The primary sources of topaz include Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(OH)₃. It was discovered in Tanzania in 1967 and is only found in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro. Tanzanite is known for its striking blue to violet color, which is caused by trace amounts of vanadium. The gemstone is relatively soft compared to other December birthstones, with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7. It is also pleochroic, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with smaller amounts of pyrite, calcite, and other minerals. It forms under high pressure and temperature conditions, typically in regions with tectonic activity. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli comes from the presence of lazurite, while the golden flecks of pyrite add a shimmering effect. Major sources of lapis lazuli include Afghanistan, Chile, Russia, and Canada.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
Each December birthstone has unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and durability. These properties include hardness, refractive index, color, and clarity, all of which are important factors in determining a gemstone’s suitability for jewelry.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a relatively low hardness on the Mohs scale, ranging from 5 to 6. This makes it a soft gemstone that can be easily scratched or damaged if not handled carefully. It is also porous and can absorb oils and pigments, which may alter its color over time. The refractive index of turquoise is between 1.61 and 1.65, and it is typically opaque, with a waxy to greasy luster. The color of turquoise can vary from light blue to deep green, depending on the presence of copper and aluminum.
Zircon
Zircon is a relatively hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness ranging from 6 to 7.5, depending on the variety. It has a high refractive index, ranging from 1.92 to 2.01, and a high dispersion, which gives it a brilliant fire when cut and polished. Zircon can occur in a wide range of colors, including blue, yellow, red, and colorless. The most common December birthstone is blue zircon, which is often heat-treated to enhance its color.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a hard and durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 8. It has a refractive index of 1.62 to 1.64 and a low dispersion, which gives it a clear and bright appearance. Blue topaz is typically colorless in its natural state and is treated with irradiation and heat to produce its blue color. It is also relatively stable and resistant to scratches and abrasions, making it an ideal gemstone for everyday wear.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a moderate hardness, with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7. It has a refractive index of 1.694 to 1.701 and is pleochroic, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. The most valuable tanzanites are those with a deep blue to violet color and high clarity. Due to its softness, tanzanite requires careful handling and should be protected from impact and abrasion.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a relatively soft gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6. It is typically opaque and has a refractive index of 1.64 to 1.68. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli is caused by the presence of lazurite, while the golden flecks of pyrite add a shimmering effect. Lapis lazuli is often used in cabochons rather than faceted cuts, as its softness and porosity make it unsuitable for intricate cutting techniques.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, December birthstones have been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. These beliefs vary across cultures and time periods, but they often reflect the gemstone’s color, rarity, and historical significance.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection, prosperity, and good fortune. In ancient Egypt, it was used to adorn the mummies of pharaohs and was believed to bring immortality. In Native American cultures, turquoise was used in jewelry and ceremonial objects and was believed to have healing properties. It was also associated with the gods and was thought to connect the wearer to the divine. In modern times, turquoise is often used in meditation and is believed to promote emotional balance and inner peace.
Zircon
Zircon is known for its brilliant fire and rainbow-like colors, which have led to its association with the stars and celestial energy. In medieval Europe, zircon was believed to have protective properties and was often used in talismans and amulets. It was also thought to bring good luck and enhance one’s ability to foresee the future. In modern gemology, zircon is considered a stone of joy and emotional balance, making it an ideal choice for those born in December.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calm, serenity, and spiritual clarity. In Hindu tradition, it was used in meditation and was believed to enhance one’s ability to learn and understand complex ideas. It was also thought to align the body’s meridians and connect the wearer to spiritual sources. In modern times, blue topaz is often used in jewelry to promote emotional stability and inner peace.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively new addition to the December birthstone tradition, but it has quickly gained popularity due to its unique blue to violet color and its association with spiritual healing. It is believed to help one share spiritual information from the heart in a calm and peaceful manner. Tanzanite is also associated with protection and is thought to help the wearer navigate difficult situations with grace and clarity.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has been associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment for thousands of years. In ancient Egypt, it was used to create pigments for religious and artistic purposes and was believed to connect the wearer to higher consciousness. In medieval Europe, it was used in illuminated manuscripts and was thought to enhance one’s intellectual abilities. In modern times, lapis lazuli is often used in meditation and is believed to promote inner wisdom and spiritual growth.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones
Due to the varying hardness and durability of December birthstones, it is important to handle them with care to preserve their beauty and longevity. The following guidelines provide general care and cleaning tips for each of the December birthstones:
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft and porous gemstone that can be easily damaged by oils, lotions, and harsh chemicals. It is also sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity, which can cause it to crack or change color. To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Store turquoise separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and abrasions.
Zircon
Zircon is a relatively hard gemstone that can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also resistant to scratches and abrasions, making it suitable for everyday wear. However, due to its high refractive index and dispersion, it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, which can dull its brilliance. Store zircon separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a hard and durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also resistant to scratches and abrasions, making it an ideal gemstone for everyday wear. Due to its stability, it can be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners, but it is always best to consult with a professional jeweler to ensure proper care.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone that requires careful handling. It is sensitive to impact and abrasion and should be protected from sharp objects and rough surfaces. To clean tanzanite, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Store tanzanite separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and abrasions.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft and porous gemstone that can be easily damaged by oils, lotions, and harsh chemicals. It is also sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity, which can cause it to crack or change color. To clean lapis lazuli, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Store lapis lazuli separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and abrasions.
Conclusion
December is a month of celebration and transformation, and its birthstones reflect the beauty and diversity of the natural world. From the deep blue hues of turquoise and topaz to the brilliant fire of zircon and the unique color of tanzanite, these gemstones offer a wide range of options for those born in December. Each stone carries its own history, symbolism, and gemological properties, making them not only beautiful but also meaningful choices for jewelry and personal adornment.
Whether you are drawn to the ancient traditions of turquoise and lapis lazuli or the modern elegance of tanzanite and blue topaz, December’s birthstones offer something for everyone. Their rich history, cultural significance, and unique properties make them a valuable addition to any gemstone collection or jewelry piece. With proper care and handling, these stones can be enjoyed for generations, preserving their beauty and meaning for years to come.